来る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
來る (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese (ku), from Proto-Japonic *ku. Compare the development of modern する (suru) from Old Japanese .

First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Cognate with Kunigami 来ん (sun), Miyako (ksï), Okinawan 来ーん (chuun), Yaeyama 来ん (kïn), Yonaguni 来ん (kun).

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「来る
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
来る [kúꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 来い [kóꜜì]
Key constructions
Passive 来られる られ [kòráréꜜrù]
Causative 来させる させ [kòsáséꜜrù]
Potential 来られる られ [kòráréꜜrù]
Volitional 来よう [kòyóꜜò]
Negative 来ない ない [kóꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 来なかった なかった [kóꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 来ます [kìmáꜜsù]
Perfective 来た [kíꜜtà]
Conjunctive 来て [kíꜜtè]
Hypothetical conditional 来れば れば [kúꜜrèbà]

Verb

() • (kuruintransitive kuru (stem () (ki), past () (kita))

  1. [from 712] to come (toward the speaker/writer)
    (きゃく)さんあまり()ない(みせ)
    o-kyaku-san ga amari konai o-mise
    a shop that does not see many visitors
  2. [from 1908] (specifically, of a sensation) to come and stimulate
    (こころ)()(かな)
    kokoro ni kuru kanashisa
    sadness that strikes the heart
    (のど)()(から)
    nodo ni kuru karasa
    spiciness that assaults the throat
    ()()
    i ni kuru
    to noticeably affect the stomach
    メンタルくる
    mentaru ni kuru
    mentally taxing
  3. (来たら (to kitara)) when it comes to
  4. (auxiliary, after the て-form of a verb, usually spelled in hiragana) to happen to do something, to come to do something
Conjugation
Extended conjugation of kuru "来る" (Class: ka-gyō henkaku "k-irregular")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") [ki]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") [kuru]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) [kite] ない [konai de]
なくて [konakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain [kuru] ない [konai]
Polite ます [kimasu] ません [kimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain [kita] なかった [konakatta]
Polite ました [kimashita] ませんでした [kimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem られ [korare]
Positive Negative
Plain られる [korareru] られない [korarenai]
Polite られます [koraremasu] られません [koraremasen]
Past られ [korareta] られなかった [korarenakatta]
Polite past られました [koraremashita] られませんでした [koraremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem させ [kosase]
Positive Negative
Plain させる [kosaseru]
short form: さす [kosasu]
させない [kosasenai]
Polite させます [kosasemasu] させません [kosasemasen]
Past させ [kosaseta] させなかった [kosasenakatta]
Polite past させました [kosasemashita] させませんでした [kosasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem られ [korare]
Positive Negative
Plain られる [korareru] られない [korarenai]
Polite られます [koraremasu] られません [koraremasen]
Past られ [korareta] られなかった [korarenakatta]
Polite past られました [koraremashita] られませんでした [koraremasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction [koi]
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request ください [kite kudasai] ないください [konai de kudasai]
-nasai form なさい [kinasai]
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 [kuru na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain よう [koyō]
Polite ましょう [komashō]
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional れば [kureba] 来なければ [konakereba]
colloquial: なきゃ [konakya]
-tara form たら [kitara] 来なかったら [konakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem させられ [kosaserare]
Positive Negative
Plain させられる [kosaserareru] させられない [kosaserarenai]
Polite させられます [kosaseraremasu] させられません [kosaseraremasen]
Past させられ [kosaserareta] させられなかった [kosaserarenakatta]
Polite past させられました [kosaseraremashita] させられませんでした [kosaseraremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain たい [kitai] たくない [kitaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain いる [kite iru]
contraction: てる [kiteru]
いない [kite inai]
contraction: ない [kitenai]
Polite います [kite imasu] いません [kite imasen]
Past いた [kite ita] いなかった [kite inakatta]
Polite past いました [kite imashita] いませんでした [kite imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative [konu] ¹
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative [kon]
Negative continuative [kozu] ¹
(〜): without 〜ing
Representative / Listing examples たり [kitari]
¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.
Antonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
きた
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
來る (kyūjitai)
来たる
Japanese verb pair
active (きた)
mediopassive (きた)

From () (ki, continuative form of etymology 1) + (いた) (itaru).

Pronunciation

Verb

(きた) • (kitaruintransitive godan (stem (きた) (kitari), past (きた)った (kitatta))

  1. to come, to arrive
    • 2011, NHK, 天皇誕生日 皇居で一般参賀:
      (きた)(とし)(みな)さん一人(ひとり)びとりにとり、よい(とし)であるよう(いの)っています。
      Kitaru toshi ga mina-san hitoribitori ni tori, yoi toshi de aru yō inotte imasu.
      I pray that next year [the coming year] will be a good year for each of you.
Conjugation

See also

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
  3. 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō