緬甸

See also: 缅甸

Chinese

		Burma; distant	imperial domain; suburb
trad. (緬甸)		緬	甸
simp. (缅甸)		缅	甸

Etymology

A traditional view on the meaning of 緬／缅 (miǎn) is "far, remote" in Chinese, but a more convincing suggestion is that the syllable 緬／缅 (miǎn) is contracted from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma, “Myanmar”). The last syllable 甸 (diàn) is possibly from Burmese တိုင်း (tuing:, “country, province”).^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Miǎndiàn

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): min⁵ din⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): men² en⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Mién-thien

(Hailu, HRS): mien^ˊ tien^˖

(Meixian, Guangdong): miên³ tiên⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): Miēng-diêng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Bián-tiān / Bián-tián

(Teochew, Peng'im): miêng² diêng⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶mi-di

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Miǎndiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Miǎndiàn
  - Wade–Giles: Mien³-tien⁴
  - Yale: Myǎn-dyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Meandiann
  - Palladius: Мяньдянь (Mjanʹdjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: min⁵ din⁶
  - Yale: míhn dihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵ din⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: min⁵ din⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³ tiːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: men² en⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐben⁵⁵ en³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mién-thien
  - Hakka Romanization System: mien^ˋ tien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mian³ tian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mi̯en³¹ tʰi̯en⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: mien^ˊ tien^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /mien²⁴⁻³³ tʰien³³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: miên³ tiên⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /miɛn³¹ tʰiɛn⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Miēng-diêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^(t-)niɛŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bián-tiān
  - Tâi-lô: Bián-tiān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: biefndien
  - IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bián-tián
  - Tâi-lô: Bián-tián
  - Phofsit Daibuun: biefndiern
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: miêng² diêng⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miéng tiĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tieŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶mi-di
  - MiniDict: mi^去 di
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mi-di
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mi²² di⁴⁴/

Proper noun

緬甸

Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)
緬甸盛產翡翠。／缅甸盛产翡翠。 ― Miǎndiàn shèngchǎn fěicuì. ― Jadeite is abundant in Myanmar.

Derived terms

上緬甸 / 上缅甸 (Shàng Miǎndiàn)
下緬甸 / 下缅甸 (Xià Miǎndiàn)
緬甸人 / 缅甸人 (Miǎndiànrén)
緬甸聯邦 / 缅甸联邦
緬甸語 / 缅甸语 (miǎndiànyǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (緬甸):

→ Japanese: 緬甸(めんでん) (Menden)
→ Korean: 면전(緬甸) (Myeonjeon)
→ Vietnamese: Miến Điện (緬甸)

Others:

→ Manchu: ᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ (miyan diyan)
→ Zhuang: Menjden

References

^ Takao Itō: On Mien-tien (緬甸), One of the Chinese Appellations for Burma, 南方史研究, 1960, 2 号, p. 179-193, DOI: 10.11530/sea1959.1960.179

Japanese

Kanji in this term
緬	甸
めん Hyōgai	でん Hyōgai
goon

Etymology 1

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 緬甸／缅甸 (Miǎndiàn), some time after this term came to prominence in Chinese during the Ming Dynasty. Compare modern Mandarin reading Miǎndiàn, Cantonese min⁵ din⁶.^[1]

First mentioned in a text from 1798.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [mẽ̞ndẽ̞ɴ]

Proper noun

緬(めん)甸(でん) • (Menden)

(historical, possibly obsolete) Myanmar (a country in Southeast Asia)

Synonyms

ミャンマー (Myanmā)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
緬	甸
びるま
Hyōgai	Hyōgai
jukujikun

Ultimately from Burmese ဗမာ (ba.ma). The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), from the borrowed Chinese term Menden above.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ビルマ [bíꜜrùmà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [bʲiɾɯ̟ma̠]

Proper noun

緬甸(ビルマ) • (Biruma)

dated spelling of ビルマ (Biruma): Burma (a country in Southeast Asia)

Synonyms

ミャンマー (Myanmā)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Proper noun

緬甸 • (Myeonjeon) (hangeul 면전)

hanja form^? of 면전 (“Myanmar”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
緬	甸

Proper noun

緬甸

chữ Hán form of Miến Điện (“Myanmar”)

[1] Takao Itō: On Mien-tien (緬甸), One of the Chinese Appellations for Burma, 南方史研究, 1960, 2 号, p. 179-193, DOI: 10.11530/sea1959.1960.179

[DJR-2] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-3] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[SMK5-4] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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