臣民

Chinese

		statesman; vassal; courtier statesman; vassal; courtier; minister; official	the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad. (臣民)		臣	民

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chénmín

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): san⁴ man⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀n-mìn

(Hailu, HRS): shin min
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing² ming²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sîn-bîn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chénmín
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chénmín
  - Wade–Giles: chʻên²-min²
  - Yale: chén-mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chernmin
  - Palladius: чэньминь (čɛnʹminʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ min³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: san⁴ man⁴
  - Yale: sàhn màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: san⁴ man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: sen⁴ men⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐn²¹ mɐn²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀n-mìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: siin^ˇ min^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sin² min²
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹ min¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: shin min
  - Sinological IPA: /ʃin⁵⁵ min⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: sing² ming² [Phonetic: sing⁵ ming²]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: síng-míng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: sing² ming² [Phonetic: sing⁵ ming²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîn-bîn
  - Tâi-lô: sîn-bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sinbiin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin²³⁻³³ bin²³/

Middle Chinese: dzyin mjin

Rime
Character	臣	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	植鄰切	彌鄰切
Baxter	dzyin	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiɪn/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑin/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjen/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑin/	/min/
Li Rong	/ʑiĕn/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/ʑĭĕn/	/mĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ĕn/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chén	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	san⁴	man⁴

Noun

臣民

(literary) officials and commoners (of a feudal state)
subject (citizen in a monarchy or empire)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (臣民):

→ Japanese: 臣民(しんみん) (shinmin)
→ Korean: 신민(臣民) (sinmin)
→ Vietnamese: thần dân (臣民)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
臣	民
しん Grade: 4	みん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しんみん [shìńmíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕĩmʲːĩɴ]

Noun

臣(しん)民(みん) • (shinmin)

a subject (citizen in a monarchy or empire)

Usage notes

In the context of Japan, this term was used in Meiji era to refer to the citizens of Japan, who were at that time considered subjects of the emperor.

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
臣	民

Noun

臣民 • (sinmin) (hangeul 신민)

hanja form^? of 신민 (“subject”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
臣	民

Noun

臣民

chữ Hán form of thần dân (“subject”)

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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