苦心
Chinese
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful |
heart; mind | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (苦心) | 苦 | 心 | |
| simp. #(苦心) | 苦 | 心 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin: kǔxīn
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄣ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǔsin
- Wade–Giles: kʻu3-hsin1
- Yale: kǔ-syīn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuushin
- Palladius: кусинь (kusinʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 苦心
苦辛
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: fu2 sam1
- Yale: fú sām
- Cantonese Pinyin: fu2 sam1
- Guangdong Romanization: fu2 sem1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuː³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-sim
- Tâi-lô: khóo-sim
- Phofsit Daibuun: qofsym
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sim³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien)
Noun
苦心
Adverb
苦心
- with strenuous efforts; painstakingly
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 苦 | 心 |
| く Grade: 3 |
しん Grade: 2 |
| goon | on'yomi |
Etymology
From 苦 (ku, “hard, energetically”) + 心 (shin, “heart”).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) くしん [kùshíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])[1][2]
- (Tokyo) くしん [kúꜜshìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [kɯ̟ɕĩɴ]
Noun
Derived terms
- 苦心惨憺 (kushin santan): taking great pains
- 苦心談 (kushindan): account of the hardships one has encountered
Idioms
- 苦心を買われる (kushin o kawareru): have one's labor appreciated
Verb
苦心する • (kushin suru) ←くしん (kusin)?intransitive suru (stem 苦心し (kushin shi), past 苦心した (kushin shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "苦心する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 苦心し | くしんし | kushin shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 苦心し | くしんし | kushin shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 苦心する | くしんする | kushin suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 苦心する | くしんする | kushin suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 苦心すれ | くしんすれ | kushin sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 苦心せよ¹ 苦心しろ² |
くしんせよ¹ くしんしろ² |
kushin seyo¹ kushin shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 苦心される | くしんされる | kushin sareru | |
| Causative | 苦心させる 苦心さす |
くしんさせる くしんさす |
kushin saseru kushin sasu | |
| Potential | 苦心できる | くしんできる | kushin dekiru | |
| Volitional | 苦心しよう | くしんしよう | kushin shiyō | |
| Negative | 苦心しない | くしんしない | kushin shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 苦心せず | くしんせず | kushin sezu | |
| Formal | 苦心します | くしんします | kushin shimasu | |
| Perfective | 苦心した | くしんした | kushin shita | |
| Conjunctive | 苦心して | くしんして | kushin shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 苦心すれば | くしんすれば | kushin sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 苦 | 心 |
Noun
苦心 • (gosim) (hangeul 고심)
- hanja form? of 고심