Egyptian
Etymology 1
Compare Proto-Semitic *ʕaśar- (“ten”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ → /ʕiˈʃiʀ/ → /ʕaˈʃej/ → /ʕaˈʃej/
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to be(come) many or much, to be(come) numerous or abundant
- (intransitive) to have many or much, to be(come) rich or abounding (+ m: in/with)
- (intransitive) to be(come) of many kinds, varied, multifarious
- (intransitive) to be(come) common, usual, ordinary
- (intransitive) to happen often [Middle Kingdom]
- (intransitive, Late Egyptian) to be(come) too much, to be(come) excessive
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥšꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜥšꜣ, geminated stem: ꜥšꜣꜣ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣw, ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣt
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ḥr ꜥšꜣ
|
m ꜥšꜣ
|
r ꜥšꜣ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
ꜥšꜣ.n
|
consecutive
|
ꜥšꜣ.jn
|
| terminative
|
ꜥšꜣt
|
| perfective3
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
obligative1
|
ꜥšꜣ.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
| prospective3
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
potentialis1
|
ꜥšꜣ.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ꜥšꜣ.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣw5, ꜥšꜣy5
|
| imperfective
|
ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣy, ꜥšꜣw5
|
ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣj6, ꜥšꜣy6
|
ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣw5
|
| prospective
|
ꜥšꜣ, ꜥšꜣtj7
|
ꜥšꜣtj4, ꜥšꜣt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥšꜣ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
| [Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓ (ašeei), ⲁϣⲉⲓ (ašei)
- Old Coptic: ⲁϣⲏⲉⲓ (ašēei)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϣⲁⲓ (ašai)
Adjective
- perfective active participle of ꜥšꜣ: many, numerous
Inflection
Declension of ꜥšꜣ (perfective active participle)
|
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| singular
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
ꜥšꜣt
|
| dual
|
ꜥšꜣwj
|
ꜥšꜣtj
|
| plural
|
ꜥšꜣw
|
ꜥšꜣwt1, ꜥšꜣt2
|
1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
See under the verb above.
Noun
m
- multitude
- quantity, number
- great extent or degree
See under the verb above.
Adverb
- often, many times
- very
See under the verb above.
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Noun
m
- lizard
Inflection
Declension of ꜥšꜣ (masculine)
| singular
|
ꜥšꜣ
|
| dual
|
ꜥšꜣwj
|
| plural
|
ꜥšꜣw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥšꜣ
See also
References
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 228.8–229.4
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 49
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 95, 458.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 54
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 46, 48