훌륭하다
Korean
Etymology
훌륭 (hullyung) + -하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).
For the first element, compare Chinese (archaic) 囫圇 / 囫囵 (húlún, “complete; whole”). Kim (1997) suggests this element to have been nativized from the corresponding Sino-Korean 홀륜(囫圇) (hollyun).[1]
Pronunciation
- Standard pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷuʎʎuŋɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [훌륭하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | hullyunghada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | hullyunghada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | hullyunghada |
| Yale Romanization? | hwullyunghata |
- Common non-standard pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷuʎʎoŋɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [훌룡하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | hullyonghada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | hullyonghada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | hullyonghada |
| Yale Romanization? | hwullyonghata |
Adjective
훌륭하다 • (hullyunghada) (infinitive 훌륭해 or 훌륭하여, sequential 훌륭하니)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 훌륭하다 (hullyunghada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 훌륭하다 hullyunghada |
훌륭해 hullyunghae |
훌륭해요 hullyunghaeyo |
훌륭합니다 hullyunghamnida |
| Past | 훌륭했다 hullyunghaetda |
훌륭했어 hullyunghaesseo |
훌륭했어요 hullyunghaesseoyo |
훌륭했습니다 hullyunghaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 훌륭하냐 hullyunghanya |
훌륭해 hullyunghae |
훌륭해요 hullyunghaeyo |
훌륭합니까 hullyunghamnikka |
| Past | 훌륭했냐 hullyunghaennya |
훌륭했어 hullyunghaesseo |
훌륭했어요 hullyunghaesseoyo |
훌륭했습니까 hullyunghaetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 훌륭하겠다 hullyunghagetda |
훌륭하겠어 hullyunghagesseo |
훌륭하겠어요 hullyunghagesseoyo |
훌륭하겠습니다 hullyunghagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 훌륭해 hullyunghae |
훌륭해서, 훌륭하여서 hullyunghaeseo, hullyunghayeoseo |
훌륭하니 hullyunghani |
훌륭하니까 hullyunghanikka | |
| Contrast | 훌륭하지만 hullyunghajiman |
훌륭한데 hullyunghande |
훌륭하더니 hullyunghadeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 훌륭하고 hullyunghago |
||||
| Condition | 훌륭하면 hullyunghamyeon |
훌륭해야, 훌륭하여야 hullyunghaeya, hullyunghayeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 훌륭함 hullyungham |
훌륭하기 hullyunghagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 훌륭했음, 훌륭하였음 hullyunghaesseum, hullyunghayeosseum |
훌륭했기, 훌륭하였기 hullyunghaetgi, hullyunghayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 훌륭한 hullyunghan | |||
| Future | 훌륭할 hullyunghal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 훌륭하시다 hullyunghasida |
훌륭하셔 hullyunghasyeo |
훌륭하세요, 훌륭하셔요 hullyunghaseyo, hullyunghasyeoyo |
훌륭하십니다 hullyunghasimnida |
| Past | 훌륭하셨다 hullyunghasyeotda |
훌륭하셨어 hullyunghasyeosseo |
훌륭하셨어요 hullyunghasyeosseoyo |
훌륭하셨습니다 hullyunghasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 훌륭하시냐 hullyunghasinya |
훌륭하셔 hullyunghasyeo |
훌륭하세요, 훌륭하셔요 hullyunghaseyo, hullyunghasyeoyo |
훌륭하십니까 hullyunghasimnikka |
| Past | 훌륭하셨냐 hullyunghasyeonnya |
훌륭하셨어 hullyunghasyeosseo |
훌륭하셨어요 hullyunghasyeosseoyo |
훌륭하셨습니까 hullyunghasyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 훌륭하시겠다 hullyunghasigetda |
훌륭하시겠어 hullyunghasigesseo |
훌륭하시겠어요 hullyunghasigesseoyo |
훌륭하시겠습니다 hullyunghasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 훌륭하셔 hullyunghasyeo |
훌륭하셔서 hullyunghasyeoseo |
훌륭하시니 hullyunghasini |
훌륭하시니까 hullyunghasinikka | |
| Contrast | 훌륭하시지만 hullyunghasijiman |
훌륭하신데 hullyunghasinde |
훌륭하시더니 hullyunghasideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 훌륭하시고 hullyunghasigo |
||||
| Condition | 훌륭하시면 hullyunghasimyeon |
훌륭하셔야 hullyunghasyeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 훌륭하심 hullyunghasim |
훌륭하시기 hullyunghasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 훌륭하셨음 hullyunghasyeosseum |
훌륭하셨기 hullyunghasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 훌륭하신 hullyunghasin | |||
| Future | 훌륭하실 hullyunghasil | ||||
References
- ^ 김민수 (30 November 1997) 우리말 어원사전 [Korean etymological dictionary] (in Korean), 태학사, →ISBN, page 1214