-ирам
Bulgarian
Etymology
Ultimately from Latin infinitive endings -ere, -īre, whence Italian -ire, French -ir, German -ieren, + native a-conjugation endings.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [-ˈirɐm]
- Hyphenation(key): -и‧рам
Verb
-и́рам • (-íram) first-singular present indicative, impf (verb-forming suffix)
- verb-forming suffix
Usage notes
Typically found in loanwords of Romance origin, borrowed along with the verb itself. Occasionally, the suffix is applied productively onto nouns to form denominative iterative or causative verbs:
- Examples of foreign origin:
- English box + -ирам (-iram) → боксирам (boksiram, “to box”)
- English start + -ирам (-iram) → стартирам (startiram, “to start”)
- German Glanz + -ирам (-iram) → гланцирам (glanciram, “to glisten, to make shiny”)
- German Maßstab + -ирам (-iram) → мащабирам (maštabiram, “to scale”)
- Dutch gas + -ирам (-iram) → газирам (gaziram, “to aerate, to carbonate”)
- Persian مات (māt, “stunned”) + -ирам (-iram) → матирам (matiram, “to checkmate”) (in chess)
- Examples of native origin:
- войн (vojn, “warrior”) + -ирам (-iram) → военизирам (voeniziram, “to militarize”)
- запор (zapor, “distrain”) + -ирам (-iram) → запорирам (zaporiram, “to seize, to apply distrain”)
- обиск (obisk, “perquisition”) + -ирам (-iram) → обискирам (obiskiram, “to conduct a search”)
- склад (sklad, “warehouse”) + -ирам (-iram) → складирам (skladiram, “to store”)
Conjugation
Conjugation of -и́рам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | -и́ращ -írašt |
-и́рал, -ира́л1 -íral, -irál1 |
-и́рал -íral |
-и́ран -íran |
-и́райки -írajki | |
| definite subject form | -и́ращият -íraštijat |
-и́ралият, -ира́лият1 -íralijat, -irálijat1 |
— | -и́раният -íranijat | |||
| definite object form | -и́ращия -íraštija |
-и́ралия, -ира́лия1 -íralija, -irálija1 |
— | -и́рания -íranija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | -и́раща -írašta |
-и́рала, -ира́ла1 -írala, -irála1 |
-и́рала -írala |
-и́рана -írana | ||
| definite | -и́ращата -íraštata |
-и́ралата, -ира́лата1 -íralata, -irálata1 |
— | -и́раната -íranata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | -и́ращо -írašto |
-и́рало, -ира́ло1 -íralo, -irálo1 |
-и́рало -íralo |
-и́рано -írano |
-и́ране -írane | |
| definite | -и́ращото -íraštoto |
-и́ралото, -ира́лото1 -íraloto, -iráloto1 |
— | -и́раното -íranoto |
-и́рането -íraneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | -и́ращи -írašti |
-и́рали, -ира́ли1 -írali, -iráli1 |
-и́рали -írali |
-и́рани -írani |
-и́рания, -и́ранета -íranija, -íraneta | |
| definite | -и́ращите -íraštite |
-и́ралите, -ира́лите1 -íralite, -irálite1 |
— | -и́раните -íranite |
-и́ранията, -и́ранетата -íranijata, -íranetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | -и́рам -íram |
-и́раш -íraš |
-и́ра -íra |
-и́раме -írame |
-и́рате -írate |
-и́рат -írat | |
| imperfect | -и́рах -írah |
-и́раше -íraše |
-и́раше -íraše |
-и́рахме -írahme |
-и́рахте -írahte |
-и́раха -íraha | |
| aorist | -и́рах, -ира́х1 -írah, -iráh1 |
-и́ра, -ира́1 -íra, -irá1 |
-и́ра, -ира́1 -íra, -irá1 |
-и́рахме, -ира́хме1 -írahme, -iráhme1 |
-и́рахте, -ира́хте1 -írahte, -iráhte1 |
-и́раха, -ира́ха1 -íraha, -iráha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and -и́рал m, -и́рала f, -и́рало n, or -и́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and -и́рал m, -и́рала f, -и́рало n, or -и́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and -и́рал m, -и́рала f, -и́рало n, or -и́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and -и́рал/-ира́л1 m, -и́рала/-ира́ла1 f, -и́рало/-ира́ло1 n, or -и́рали/-ира́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| -и́рай -íraj |
-и́райте -írajte |
||||||
1Dialectally marked.