Reconstruction:Old Novgorodian/либь

This Old Novgorodian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Old Novgorodian

Etymology

Borrowed from Finnic languages, seems from Estonian liivi (“Livs, Livonians”), further origins unclear. Probably the origin is related to the same root as in Estonian liiv (“sand”), cf. Votic liivõ, Võro liiv, Ingrian liiva, because the Livs inhabited the sandy coast of the Gulf of Riga.[1][2] Ultimately from Proto-Finnic *liiva (“sand”), possibly from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gléiˀwāˀ (whence Proto-Slavic *glìva (“fungus”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y-wéh₂, from *gleh₁y-.

According to Zaliznyak, in Old Novgorodian and Old Pskovian zone, the transition [w] > [v] (at least in the non-initial position) took place later than in some other East Slavic areas. This explains why in old borrowings from Old Norse and from Finnic languages (which entered Old East Slavic through Old Novgorodian) [v] of the source language is rendered as [b]. Previously, [b] they tried to explain it by German mediation, but Vasmer rejects this.[3] Therefore, the Proto-Finnic root *liiv- was borrowed as либ- (lib-).[4] Сollective ending -ь (-ĭ) is also typical for other ethnonyms, compare водь (vodĭ, “Votians”), роусь (rusĭ, “Rus”), цюдь (ćjudĭ, “Chud”), соумь (sumĭ, “Finnish”), лопь (lopĭ, “Sami”).[5]

Old East Slavic либь (libĭ, “Livs”)[3][6] first attested in c. 1110‒1118 in Primary Chronicle, borrowed via Old Novgorodian.[4] Moreover, Livonian lībi (“Livonians”), dialectal Salaca Livonian līb, lībə, borrowed from Latvian lībis (“Livs”)[1][2], but the Latvian word itself is also considered a loanword.[7] Perhaps the Baltic words, due to the presence of [b], are also taken from Old Novgorodian, taking into account Zaliznyak.

Pronunciation

  • Hyphenation: *ли‧бь

Noun

*либь • (*libĭ) f

  1. (collective) Livs, Livonians (a Finno-Ugric people inhabiting the coast of the Gulf of Riga, i.e. Livonia)

Derived terms

adjectives
nouns

Descendants

  • → Old East Slavic: либь (libĭ)
  • →? East Baltic:
    • Latvian: lībis; (archaic) lībji; ⇒ lībietis; lībieši
      • → Livonian: lībi; (Salaca Livonian) līb, lībə; lībŋ
    • Lithuanian: lybis; ⇒ lýbiai

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “liivi”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), “Liivi”, in Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)‎[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vasmer, Max (1967) “либь”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volumes 2 (Е – Муж), Moscow: Progress, page 493
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zaliznyak, Andrey (2004) “§2.16”, in Древненовгородский диалект [Old Novgorod dialect]‎[2] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Moscow: LRC Publishing House, →ISBN, page 55
  5. ^ Yanin, V. L., Zaliznyak, A. A., Gippius, A. A., editor (2004), “№ 776”, in Новгородские грамоты на бересте (1997–2000 гг.) [Novgorod letters on birchbark: 1997–2000] (in Russian), volume 11, Moscow: Russian Dictionaries, →ISBN, page 14
  6. ^ Preobrazhensky, A. G. (1910–1914) “либь”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volumes 1 (А – О), numbers 1–9, Moscow: G. Lissner & D. Sobko Publishing House, page 451
  7. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “lībieši”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎[3] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN, page 518
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