Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/Siwa

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Proto-Austronesian cardinal numbers
 <  8 9 10  > 
    Cardinal : *Siwa

Etymology

Any etymology beyond this reconstructed form is controversial. Sagart (2004) considers it to have arisen after Proto-Austronesian proper, rather than from a compound from *ɣatep (“five”) +‎ *Səpat (“four”), and relates it to Kulon-Pazeh xasebisupat (literally “five and four”), but Winter (2010) rejects this on phonological and historical grounds.

  • Consistency of sound changes p → w also ə and t sound dropped,
    • "*ɣatepatəlu → *wa(tə)lu-"
    • "*ɣatepiSəpat → wiS(ə)wa(t) → *wiSwa/*Siwa"
    • except: ɣatepiduSa → pidu, because p meets d, so there is a sound reinforcement.
  • Sagart (2014), pa → wa and pi still pi
    • "*ɣatepituSa → *pitu"
    • "*ɣatepatəlu → wa(tə)lu → *walu"
    • "*ɣatepiSəpat → piS(ə)wa(t) → *piSwa/*Siwa"

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /siwa/

Numeral

*Siwa

  1. nine

Descendants

  • Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *siwa
    • Balinese: siə
    • Fijian: ciwa
    • Malagasy: sivy
    • Proto-Polynesian: *hiwa (see there for further descendants)
    • Rotuman: siva
    • Tetum: sia

References

  • Sagart, Laurent. 2004. "The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai." Oceanic Linguistics 43, 2:411–444.
  • Winter, Bodo. 2010. "A note on the higher phylogeny of Austronesian." Oceanic Linguistics 49, 1:282–287.
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