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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti.[1]
Verb
*ɸarsketi
- to ask, to plead
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarskū
|
*ɸarskemam
|
*ɸibrixsū
|
*ɸebroka
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarskesi
|
*ɸarsketās
|
*ɸibrixsesi
|
*ɸebrokas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarsketi
|
*ɸarsketo
|
*ɸibrixseti
|
*ɸebroke
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarskomosi
|
*ɸarskemo
|
*ɸibrixsomosi
|
*ɸebrokmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarsketesi
|
*ɸarskestē
|
*ɸibrixsetesi
|
*ɸebroxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarskonti
|
*ɸarskento
|
*ɸibrixsonti
|
*ɸebrokars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸrexsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸrexsesi
|
?
|
*ɸarske
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸrexseti
|
?
|
*ɸarsketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸrexsomosi
|
?
|
*ɸarskomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸrexsetesi
|
?
|
*ɸarskete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸrexsonti
|
?
|
*ɸarskontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarskūr
|
—
|
*ɸibrixsūr
|
*ɸebrokra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarsketar
|
—
|
*ɸibrixsetar
|
*ɸebrokras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarsketor
|
?
|
*ɸibrixsetor
|
*ɸebrokre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarskommor
|
—
|
*ɸibrixsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarskedwe
|
—
|
*ɸibrixsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarskontor
|
?
|
*ɸibrixsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸrexsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸrexsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸrexsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸrexsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸrexsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸrexsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskonts
|
*ɸarskonte
|
*ɸarskontes
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskonts
|
*ɸarskonte
|
*ɸarskontes
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskontam
|
*ɸarskonte
|
*ɸarskontans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskantos
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskantei
|
*ɸarskantbom
|
*ɸarskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarskantī?
|
*ɸarskantbim
|
*ɸarskantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskantī
|
*ɸarskantī
|
*ɸarskantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskantī
|
*ɸarskantī
|
*ɸarskantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskantīm
|
*ɸarskantī
|
*ɸarskantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskantyās
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantyom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskantyāi
|
*ɸarskantyābom
|
*ɸarskantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantyābim
|
*ɸarskantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskont
|
*?
|
*ɸarskonta
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskont
|
*?
|
*ɸarskonta
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskont
|
*?
|
*ɸarskonta
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskantos
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskantei
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarskantī?
|
*?
|
*ɸarskantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskomnos
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskomne
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskomnī
|
*ɸarskomnous
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskomnūi
|
*ɸarskomnobom
|
*ɸarskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarskomnū
|
*ɸarskomnobim
|
*ɸarskomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskomnā
|
*ɸarskomnai
|
*ɸarskomnās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskomnā
|
*ɸarskomnai
|
*ɸarskomnās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskomnam
|
*ɸarskomnai
|
*ɸarskomnans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskomnās
|
*ɸarskomnous
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskomnai
|
*ɸarskomnābom
|
*ɸarskomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸarskomnābim
|
*ɸarskomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
*ɸarskomnou
|
*ɸarskomnā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarskomnī
|
*ɸarskomnous
|
*ɸarskomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarskomnūi
|
*ɸarskomnobom
|
*ɸarskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarskomnū
|
*ɸarskomnobim
|
*ɸarskomnobis
|
Descendants
- Brythonic: *ėrxɨd (secondarily transferred to the ī-verbs)
- Middle Breton: archaff
- Cornish: erghi
- Old Welsh: erchim (verbal noun), ercit (imperative), rit·ercis (3sg. perf.)
- Old Irish: arcu
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 125