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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *ɸeri- (“around”) + *regeti (“to stretch”).
Verb
*ɸeriregeti
- to repeat
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸeriregū
|
*ɸeriregemam
|
?
|
*ɸerirāga
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸeriregesi
|
*ɸeriregetās
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸeriregeti
|
*ɸeriregeto
|
?
|
*ɸerirāge
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸeriregomosi
|
*ɸeriregemo
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸeriregetesi
|
*ɸeriregestē
|
?
|
*ɸerirāxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸeriregonti
|
*ɸeriregento
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸerireixsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸerireixsesi
|
?
|
*ɸerirege
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸerireixseti
|
?
|
*ɸeriregetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸerireixsomosi
|
?
|
*ɸeriregomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸerireixsetesi
|
?
|
*ɸeriregete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸerireixsonti
|
?
|
*ɸeriregontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸeriregūr
|
—
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸeriregetar
|
—
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸeriregetor
|
?
|
?
|
*ɸerirāgre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸeriregommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸeriregedwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸeriregontor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸerireixsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸerireixsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸerireixsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸerireixsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸerireixsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸerireixsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregonts
|
*ɸeriregonte
|
*ɸeriregontes
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregonts
|
*ɸeriregonte
|
*ɸeriregontes
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregontam
|
*ɸeriregonte
|
*ɸeriregontans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregantos
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregantei
|
*ɸeriregantbom
|
*ɸeriregantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸeriregantī?
|
*ɸeriregantbim
|
*ɸeriregantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregantī
|
*ɸeriregantī
|
*ɸeriregantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregantī
|
*ɸeriregantī
|
*ɸeriregantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregantīm
|
*ɸeriregantī
|
*ɸeriregantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregantyās
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantyom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregantyāi
|
*ɸeriregantyābom
|
*ɸeriregantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantyābim
|
*ɸeriregantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregont
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregonta
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregont
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregonta
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregont
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregonta
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregantos
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregantei
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸeriregantī?
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregomnos
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregomne
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregomnī
|
*ɸeriregomnous
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregomnūi
|
*ɸeriregomnobom
|
*ɸeriregomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸeriregomnū
|
*ɸeriregomnobim
|
*ɸeriregomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregomnā
|
*ɸeriregomnai
|
*ɸeriregomnās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregomnā
|
*ɸeriregomnai
|
*ɸeriregomnās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregomnam
|
*ɸeriregomnai
|
*ɸeriregomnans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregomnās
|
*ɸeriregomnous
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregomnai
|
*ɸeriregomnābom
|
*ɸeriregomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸeriregomnābim
|
*ɸeriregomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
*ɸeriregomnou
|
*ɸeriregomnā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸeriregomnī
|
*ɸeriregomnous
|
*ɸeriregomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸeriregomnūi
|
*ɸeriregomnobom
|
*ɸeriregomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸeriregomnū
|
*ɸeriregomnobim
|
*ɸeriregomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸerirextos
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸerirexte
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸerirextom
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸerirextī
|
*ɸerirextous
|
*ɸerirextom
|
| dative
|
*ɸerirextūi
|
*ɸerirextobom
|
*ɸerirextobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸerirextū
|
*ɸerirextobim
|
*ɸerirextobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸerirextā
|
*ɸerirextai
|
*ɸerirextās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸerirextā
|
*ɸerirextai
|
*ɸerirextās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸerirextam
|
*ɸerirextai
|
*ɸerirextans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸerirextās
|
*ɸerirextous
|
*ɸerirextom
|
| dative
|
*ɸerirextai
|
*ɸerirextābom
|
*ɸerirextābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸerirextābim
|
*ɸerirextābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸerirextom
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸerirextom
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸerirextom
|
*ɸerirextou
|
*ɸerirextā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸerirextī
|
*ɸerirextous
|
*ɸerirextom
|
| dative
|
*ɸerirextūi
|
*ɸerirextobom
|
*ɸerirextobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸerirextū
|
*ɸerirextobim
|
*ɸerirextobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- Deshayes and Fleuriot state that the prefix of this term is *ɸare-,[1][2] but in light of Old Irish ad·eirrig, this cannot have been the original prefix, which must have instead been *ɸeri-.
- In Irish, this verb merged with *ati-reketi (“to repent”) except in their verbal nouns; Brittonic kept the two terms distinct.
Derived terms
- *ati-ɸeri-regeti
- ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *adarreɣ (“again”)
- Old Irish: ad·eirrig (“to repeat”), ⇒ aitherrech
Descendants
- ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *arreɣ (with secondary replacement of *ɸeri- by *ɸare-)
References
- ^ Deshayes, Albert (2003) “Arre”, in Dictionnaire étymologique du breton (in French), Douarnenez: Le Chasse-Marée, →ISBN, page 74
- ^ Fleuriot, Léon, Evans, Claude (1985) “atareg”, in A Dictionary of Old Breton – Dictionnaire du vieux breton: Historical and Comparative (in French), Toronto: Prepcorp, page 76