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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening), the thematic root verb of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten). Cognates with Latin rego (“I rule”) and Sanskrit राजति (rā́jati, “to direct; to steer; to rule”).
Verb
*regeti
- to stretch
- to straighten
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*regū
|
*regemam
|
*rixsū
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*regesi
|
*regetās
|
*rixsesi
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*regeti
|
*regeto
|
*rixseti
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*regomosi
|
*regemo
|
*rixsomosi
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*regetesi
|
*regestē
|
*rixsetesi
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*regonti
|
*regento
|
*rixsonti
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*rexsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*rexsesi
|
?
|
*rege
|
| 3rd singular
|
*rexseti
|
?
|
*regetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*rexsomosi
|
?
|
*regomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*rexsetesi
|
?
|
*regete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*rexsonti
|
?
|
*regontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*regūr
|
—
|
*rixsūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*regetar
|
—
|
*rixsetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*regetor
|
?
|
*rixsetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*regommor
|
—
|
*rixsommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*regedwe
|
—
|
*rixsedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*regontor
|
?
|
*rixsontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*rexsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*rexsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*rexsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*rexsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*rexsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*rexsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regonts
|
*regonte
|
*regontes
|
| vocative
|
*regonts
|
*regonte
|
*regontes
|
| accusative
|
*regontam
|
*regonte
|
*regontans
|
| genitive
|
*regantos
|
*?
|
*regantom
|
| dative
|
*regantei
|
*regantbom
|
*regantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*regantī?
|
*regantbim
|
*regantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regantī
|
*regantī
|
*regantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*regantī
|
*regantī
|
*regantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*regantīm
|
*regantī
|
*regantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*regantyās
|
*?
|
*regantyom
|
| dative
|
*regantyāi
|
*regantyābom
|
*regantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*regantyābim
|
*regantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regont
|
*?
|
*regonta
|
| vocative
|
*regont
|
*?
|
*regonta
|
| accusative
|
*regont
|
*?
|
*regonta
|
| genitive
|
*regantos
|
*?
|
*regantom
|
| dative
|
*regantei
|
*?
|
*regantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*regantī?
|
*?
|
*regantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regomnos
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*regomne
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*regomnom
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnons
|
| genitive
|
*regomnī
|
*regomnous
|
*regomnom
|
| dative
|
*regomnūi
|
*regomnobom
|
*regomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*regomnū
|
*regomnobim
|
*regomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regomnā
|
*regomnai
|
*regomnās
|
| vocative
|
*regomnā
|
*regomnai
|
*regomnās
|
| accusative
|
*regomnam
|
*regomnai
|
*regomnans
|
| genitive
|
*regomnās
|
*regomnous
|
*regomnom
|
| dative
|
*regomnai
|
*regomnābom
|
*regomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*regomnābim
|
*regomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*regomnom
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnā
|
| vocative
|
*regomnom
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnā
|
| accusative
|
*regomnom
|
*regomnou
|
*regomnā
|
| genitive
|
*regomnī
|
*regomnous
|
*regomnom
|
| dative
|
*regomnūi
|
*regomnobom
|
*regomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*regomnū
|
*regomnobim
|
*regomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rextos
|
*rextou
|
*rextoi
|
| vocative
|
*rexte
|
*rextou
|
*rextoi
|
| accusative
|
*rextom
|
*rextou
|
*rextons
|
| genitive
|
*rextī
|
*rextous
|
*rextom
|
| dative
|
*rextūi
|
*rextobom
|
*rextobos
|
| instrumental
|
*rextū
|
*rextobim
|
*rextobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rextā
|
*rextai
|
*rextās
|
| vocative
|
*rextā
|
*rextai
|
*rextās
|
| accusative
|
*rextam
|
*rextai
|
*rextans
|
| genitive
|
*rextās
|
*rextous
|
*rextom
|
| dative
|
*rextai
|
*rextābom
|
*rextābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*rextābim
|
*rextābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*rextom
|
*rextou
|
*rextā
|
| vocative
|
*rextom
|
*rextou
|
*rextā
|
| accusative
|
*rextom
|
*rextou
|
*rextā
|
| genitive
|
*rextī
|
*rextous
|
*rextom
|
| dative
|
*rextūi
|
*rextobom
|
*rextobos
|
| instrumental
|
*rextū
|
*rextobim
|
*rextobis
|
Derived terms
- *reginis
- *dū-regeti (“to issue”)
- Celtiberian: tureita (past. part. fem.), tures (pret. 3sg.)
- *exs-regeti
- *ɸeri-regeti
- *to-regeti
- *ud-regeti? *eɸi-regeti? (the latter according to Hamp; the former according to almost everyone else)[1]
- Proto-Brythonic: *uɨrėɣɨd
- Middle Welsh: wyrein (verbal noun), wyre (3sg. pres.)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: arwyrein
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: dygynwyre (3sg.)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyre
- Welsh: dwyre
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyrein, duyrein (“east”)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: erwyre (3sg. pres.)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: gorwyrein
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyuarwyre (3sg. pres.)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfdwyreei (3sg. imperf.)
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfwyrein
- *uɸor-regeti
- Proto-Brythonic: *gworraɣ (3sg.), gworrɨɣ- (1sg., 1pl., 3pl. stem)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *rrėɣɨd
- Middle Breton: re
- Middle Welsh: re
- Welsh: rhe
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: dyganrein
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: olrein
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymrein (“to have sex”)
- Gaulish: reguc (1sg. pres), rexetesi (2pl. subj.)
References
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 274