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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁- (“to throw”), with an original meaning "throw (it away)" becoming a euphemism for death in Celtic.[1] The -n-is from the nasal infix *-né-.
Verb
*balnīti
- to die
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₁-final root, t-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*balnīmi
|
*balnamam
|
*biblāsū
|
*bilam
|
| 2nd singular
|
*balnīsi
|
*balnatās
|
*biblāsesi
|
*bils
|
| 3rd singular
|
*balnīti
|
*balnato
|
*biblāseti
|
*bilt
|
| 1st plural
|
*balnamosi
|
*balnamo
|
*biblāsomosi
|
*bilme
|
| 2nd plural
|
*balnatesi
|
*balnastē
|
*biblāsetesi
|
*bilte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*balnenti
|
*balnanto
|
*biblāsonti
|
*bilant
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*belasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*belasesi
|
?
|
*balnī
|
| 3rd singular
|
*belaseti
|
?
|
*balnītou
|
| 1st plural
|
*belasomosi
|
?
|
*balnamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*belasetesi
|
?
|
*balnate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*belasonti
|
?
|
*balnentou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*balnīr
|
—
|
*biblāsūr
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*balnītar
|
—
|
*biblāsetar
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*balnītor
|
?
|
*biblāsetor
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*balnammor
|
—
|
*biblāsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*balnadwe
|
—
|
*biblāsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*balnentor
|
?
|
*biblāsontor
|
*bilanto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*belasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*belasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*belasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*belasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*belasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*belasontor
|
—
|
—
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| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnonts
|
*balnonte
|
*balnontes
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| vocative
|
*balnonts
|
*balnonte
|
*balnontes
|
| accusative
|
*balnontam
|
*balnonte
|
*balnontans
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| genitive
|
*balnantos
|
*?
|
*balnantom
|
| dative
|
*balnantei
|
*balnantbom
|
*balnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*balnantī?
|
*balnantbim
|
*balnantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnantī
|
*balnantī
|
*balnantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*balnantī
|
*balnantī
|
*balnantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*balnantīm
|
*balnantī
|
*balnantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*balnantyās
|
*?
|
*balnantyom
|
| dative
|
*balnantyāi
|
*balnantyābom
|
*balnantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*balnantyābim
|
*balnantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
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plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnont
|
*?
|
*balnonta
|
| vocative
|
*balnont
|
*?
|
*balnonta
|
| accusative
|
*balnont
|
*?
|
*balnonta
|
| genitive
|
*balnantos
|
*?
|
*balnantom
|
| dative
|
*balnantei
|
*?
|
*balnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*balnantī?
|
*?
|
*balnantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnamnos
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*balnamne
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*balnamnom
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnons
|
| genitive
|
*balnamnī
|
*balnamnous
|
*balnamnom
|
| dative
|
*balnamnūi
|
*balnamnobom
|
*balnamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*balnamnū
|
*balnamnobim
|
*balnamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnamnā
|
*balnamnai
|
*balnamnās
|
| vocative
|
*balnamnā
|
*balnamnai
|
*balnamnās
|
| accusative
|
*balnamnam
|
*balnamnai
|
*balnamnans
|
| genitive
|
*balnamnās
|
*balnamnous
|
*balnamnom
|
| dative
|
*balnamnai
|
*balnamnābom
|
*balnamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*balnamnābim
|
*balnamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*balnamnom
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnā
|
| vocative
|
*balnamnom
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnā
|
| accusative
|
*balnamnom
|
*balnamnou
|
*balnamnā
|
| genitive
|
*balnamnī
|
*balnamnous
|
*balnamnom
|
| dative
|
*balnamnūi
|
*balnamnobom
|
*balnamnobos
|
| instrumental
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*balnamnū
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*balnamnobim
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*balnamnobis
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Derived terms
- *ad-balnīti
- *exs-balnīti
- *kom-balnīti
- Celtiberian: kombalez (3sg. pret.) (if not read as kombalkez)[2]
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: ballwyf (1sg. subjunctive)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bal-ni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
- ^ Martínez-Chico, David, Prósper, Blanca María (2021) “A new Celtiberian tessera in the Latin alphabet from Virovesca (Briviesca, Burgos) and the typology of tesserae hospitales”, in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, volume 68, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 186