Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷelH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷelH-^[1]^[2]

to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing

Reconstruction notes

On the basis of Celtic nasal-infix present *balnīti and several Greek derived terms like βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “javelin, dart”) the laryngeal may be reconstructed as *h₁.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH- (38 c, 0 e)

*gʷelH-éti (root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti
  - Proto-Iranian: *gráHti
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)
      - Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)
    - Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)
  - Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)
- Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷélH-os
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)
*gʷelH-ón-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)
*gʷélH-m̥n-o-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)
*gʷélH-tus
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Gaulish: belatu- (“death”)
    - Gaulish: Belatucadros (Theonym meaning "beautiful death")
*gʷelh₁-éh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō
  - Latin: volō (“to fly”)^[3] (possibly)
*gʷl̥H-id-yé-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)
*gʷl̥H-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)
*gʷl̥H-tós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)
*gʷl̥H-trom
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)
*gʷolH-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)
*gʷolH-mos
- Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)
*gʷόlH-os
- possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas
  - Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)
  - Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)
  - Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)
  - Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)
    - → Latvian: žēl
    - → Russian: жаль (žalʹ)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

Root

*gʷelH-^[4]^[2]

to drip, ooze

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH- (drip) (2 c, 0 e)

*gʷélH-e-ti (present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gálati
  - Classical Sanskrit: गलति (gálati, “to drip”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷl̥H-yé-ti (present)
- Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠ku(wa)liya-⁠/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”)
*gʷl̥H-tós (past participle)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥Htás
  - Classical Sanskrit: गलित (galita, “oozed, melted”)
  - Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀝 (*giṭa, “dripped”) (via Fortunatov's law) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟 (*giḍa) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (*giḍḍaï, “dripps, falls”)^[5]
    - Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
      - Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਗਿੱਡਣਾ (giḍḍaṇā), ਗਿਡਣਾ (giḍṇā), ਡਿਗਣਾ (ḍigṇā)
        
        Shahmukhi script: گِڈَّݨَا (giḍḍaṇā), گِڈݨَا (giḍṇā), ڈِگَّݨَا (ḍiggaṇā)
      - → Hindustani: डिगना / ڈگنا (ḍignā, “to collapse”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Proto-West Germanic: *kwellan^[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: गरण (garaṇa, “dripping”)^[7]
- Sanskrit: *गिरति (*girati, “falls”) (perhaps from older Proto-Indo-Aryan *gl̥(H)yáti ~ *gr̥(H)yáti < Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥H-yé-ti)^[8]
  - Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀇 (*giraï)
    - Hindustani: गिरना / گرنا (girnā)
    - Nepali: गिर्नु (girnu)
    - Odia: ଗିରିବା (giribā)
    - Old Gujarati: गिरइ (giraï)
      - Marwari: 𑅗𑅑𑅭𑅑 (giri) / गिरइ (girai)
      - Gujarati: ગરવું (garvũ)
    - Punjabi: ਗਿਰਨਾ / گرنا (girnā)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥(H)-d-lá (“oozing”)
  - >? Prakrit: *𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*grilla, “wet, damp”), 𑀕𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (gilla) (if not borrowed from substrate)
    - Hindustani: गीला / گِیلَا (gīlā, “wet”)
    - Kalasha: gríỊa (“wet”)
    - Nepali: गीलो (gīlo)
    - Punjabi: ਗਿੱਲਾ / گِلَّا (gillā)
*gʷl̥H-eH- (“to drip > to collapse, be weary”, root extension?)^[2]
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: ग्लै (glai, “is weary”), ग्लाति (glāti)
- Tocharian B: klāy- (“to collapse”)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gul̃ti (“to lie down”)
  - Latvian: gul̃t

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 208
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 471
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “volō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 687–688
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 207
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “giḍḍ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 222
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kwellanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “garaṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 216
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “girati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 222

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 208

[IEW-471-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 471

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “volō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 687–688

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 207

[5] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “giḍḍ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 222

[6] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kwellanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 227

[7] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “garaṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 216

[8] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “girati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 222

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]