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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰ-.[1]
Verb
*kageti
- to get
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kagū
|
*kagemam
|
*kikaxsū
|
*kāga
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kagesi
|
*kagetās
|
*kikaxsesi
|
*kāgas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kageti
|
*kageto
|
*kikaxseti
|
*kāge
|
| 1st plural
|
*kagomosi
|
*kagemo
|
*kikaxsomosi
|
*kāgmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kagetesi
|
*kagestē
|
*kikaxsetesi
|
*kāxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kagonti
|
*kagento
|
*kikaxsonti
|
*kāgars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kaxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kaxsesi
|
?
|
*kage
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kaxseti
|
?
|
*kagetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kaxsomosi
|
?
|
*kagomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kaxsetesi
|
?
|
*kagete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kaxsonti
|
?
|
*kagontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kagūr
|
—
|
*kikaxsūr
|
*kāgra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kagetar
|
—
|
*kikaxsetar
|
*kāgras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kagetor
|
?
|
*kikaxsetor
|
*kāgre
|
| 1st plural
|
*kagommor
|
—
|
*kikaxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kagedwe
|
—
|
*kikaxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kagontor
|
?
|
*kikaxsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kaxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kaxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kaxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kaxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kaxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kaxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagonts
|
*kagonte
|
*kagontes
|
| vocative
|
*kagonts
|
*kagonte
|
*kagontes
|
| accusative
|
*kagontam
|
*kagonte
|
*kagontans
|
| genitive
|
*kagantos
|
*?
|
*kagantom
|
| dative
|
*kagantei
|
*kagantbom
|
*kagantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kagantī?
|
*kagantbim
|
*kagantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagantī
|
*kagantī
|
*kagantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kagantī
|
*kagantī
|
*kagantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kagantīm
|
*kagantī
|
*kagantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kagantyās
|
*?
|
*kagantyom
|
| dative
|
*kagantyāi
|
*kagantyābom
|
*kagantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kagantyābim
|
*kagantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagont
|
*?
|
*kagonta
|
| vocative
|
*kagont
|
*?
|
*kagonta
|
| accusative
|
*kagont
|
*?
|
*kagonta
|
| genitive
|
*kagantos
|
*?
|
*kagantom
|
| dative
|
*kagantei
|
*?
|
*kagantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kagantī?
|
*?
|
*kagantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagomnos
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kagomne
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kagomnom
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kagomnī
|
*kagomnous
|
*kagomnom
|
| dative
|
*kagomnūi
|
*kagomnobom
|
*kagomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kagomnū
|
*kagomnobim
|
*kagomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagomnā
|
*kagomnai
|
*kagomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kagomnā
|
*kagomnai
|
*kagomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kagomnam
|
*kagomnai
|
*kagomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kagomnās
|
*kagomnous
|
*kagomnom
|
| dative
|
*kagomnai
|
*kagomnābom
|
*kagomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kagomnābim
|
*kagomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kagomnom
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kagomnom
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kagomnom
|
*kagomnou
|
*kagomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kagomnī
|
*kagomnous
|
*kagomnom
|
| dative
|
*kagomnūi
|
*kagomnobom
|
*kagomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kagomnū
|
*kagomnobim
|
*kagomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kaxtos
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*kaxte
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*kaxtom
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtons
|
| genitive
|
*kaxtī
|
*kaxtous
|
*kaxtom
|
| dative
|
*kaxtūi
|
*kaxtobom
|
*kaxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kaxtū
|
*kaxtobim
|
*kaxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kaxtā
|
*kaxtai
|
*kaxtās
|
| vocative
|
*kaxtā
|
*kaxtai
|
*kaxtās
|
| accusative
|
*kaxtam
|
*kaxtai
|
*kaxtans
|
| genitive
|
*kaxtās
|
*kaxtous
|
*kaxtom
|
| dative
|
*kaxtai
|
*kaxtābom
|
*kaxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kaxtābim
|
*kaxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kaxtom
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtā
|
| vocative
|
*kaxtom
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtā
|
| accusative
|
*kaxtom
|
*kaxtou
|
*kaxtā
|
| genitive
|
*kaxtī
|
*kaxtous
|
*kaxtom
|
| dative
|
*kaxtūi
|
*kaxtobom
|
*kaxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kaxtū
|
*kaxtobim
|
*kaxtobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
This verb shows extensive hybridization with close-in-meaning *gabyeti throughout Brittonic, causing all reflexes of that verb to start with a *k. In modern Welsh, these two verbs merged into one paradigm.[2]
- Proto-Brythonic: *kėɣɨd
- Old Welsh: ci (2sg. pres.)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 387