Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kagʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

According to Pronk, likely from a substrate language,[1] but he says this in doubt that the (Italo-Celtic) verbal root is related. The verbal function makes this scenario less likely, though it could still be denominal; note that most branches only have nominal derivatives. Possibly with late sound-symbolic *a like in the synonym *kap-.

Root

*kagʰ-[2][3]

  1. to hold, keep
    Synonyms: *gʰed-, *kap-, *twerH-
  2. to close, enclose
    Synonyms: *ǵʰer-, *gʰerdʰ-, *h₂erk-, *werbʰ-
  3. that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier
  4. enclosed space, fenced field, pasture

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kh₂egʰ-
  • *kegʰ-, *kogʰ-

Reconstruction notes

Both the vowel *a and the coexistence of a tenuis stop and a media aspirata (i.e. *k and *gʰ respectively) in the root cast doubt on the etymon's genuine PIE status, or at least its inherited status (see §Etymology).[1]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kagʰ- (8 c, 0 e)
  • *kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[2]
    • Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)[4]
      • Proto-Brythonic:
  • *kagʰ-éye-ti (causative)
    • Proto-Italic: *kaɣeō[5]
      • Latin: incohō (< *in-kaɣeō) (see there for further descendants)
      • Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)
      • Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)
  • *kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)[6][7]
  • *kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz[6]
      • Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂[6]
    • Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)[8]
      • Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)
      • (possibly[8]) Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)
  • *kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)
    • ⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és
      • Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)
          • Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m
        • ⇒? Proto-Armenian:[9] (with a prefix)
          • Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)
          • Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn
        • Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz
          • >? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn
            • Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)
            • Old High German: hagan (“briar”)
    • ⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s
      • Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)[10]
  • *kágʰ-so-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”)[11] (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pronk, Tijmen (2019) “Proto-Indo-European *a”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 7, page 148 of 122–163: “4.6 *⁽ḱ⁾agʰ-”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kagʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 342: “*kágʰ-e-”
  3. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*kagh-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 487
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kag-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 184: “*kagʰ-"”
  5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cohum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 123-124: “*kaχo-”
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haga(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “*kagʰ-on-”
  7. ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “cagio-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 97"
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caulae”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 123-124: “*kaχi/elā-”
  9. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘ank/g”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 624
  10. ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*kagro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 184
  11. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 288
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.