Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kágʰr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *kagʰ- (“to hold, enclose”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

Noun

*kágʰr̥ n

Inflection

Older acrostatic pattern:

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kágʰr̥	*kágʰōr
genitive	*kágʰn̥s	*k(a)gʰnés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kágʰr̥	*kágʰrih₁	*kágʰr̥h₂	*kágʰōr
vocative	*kágʰr̥	*kágʰrih₁	*kágʰr̥h₂	*kágʰōr
accusative	*kágʰr̥	*kágʰrih₁	*kágʰr̥h₂	*kágʰōr
genitive	*kágʰn̥s	*?	*kágʰnoHom	*k(a)gʰnés
ablative	*kágʰn̥s	*?	kágʰn̥mos, kágʰn̥bʰos	*k(a)gʰnés
dative	*kágʰney	*?	kágʰn̥mos, kágʰn̥bʰos	*k(a)gʰnéy
locative	kágʰn̥, kágʰni	*?	*kágʰn̥su	k(a)gʰén, k(a)gʰéni
instrumental	*kágʰn̥h₁	*?	kágʰn̥mis, kágʰn̥bʰis	*k(a)gʰnéh₁

Later proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kágʰr̥	*kágʰōr
genitive	*k(a)gʰéns	*k(a)gʰnés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kágʰr̥	—	—	*kágʰōr
vocative	*kágʰr̥	—	—	*kágʰōr
accusative	*kágʰr̥	—	—	*kágʰōr
genitive	*k(a)gʰéns	—	—	*k(a)gʰnés
ablative	*k(a)gʰéns	—	—	*k(a)gʰnés
dative	*k(a)gʰéney	—	—	*k(a)gʰnéy
locative	k(a)gʰén, k(a)gʰéni	—	—	k(a)gʰén, k(a)gʰéni
instrumental	*k(a)gʰénh₁	—	—	*k(a)gʰnéh₁

Derived terms

⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és
- Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”)^[1] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)
    - Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m
  - ⇒? Proto-Armenian:^[2] (with a prefix)
    - Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)
    - Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn
      - Welsh: caen
  - Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz
    - >? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn
      - Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)
      - Old High German: hagan (“briar”)
⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s
- Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)^[3]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr
    - Middle Breton: ker
    - Cornish: caer
    - Middle Welsh: cair
      - Welsh: caer

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haga(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “*kagʰ-on-”
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘ank/g”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 624
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*kagro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 184

[Kroonen-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haga(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “*kagʰ-on-”

[2] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘ank/g”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 624

[3] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*kagro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 184

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