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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlush₁yéti (“to be hearing”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews- (“to hear”).
Verb
*klusīti[1]
- to hear
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kluseyū
|
*klusīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*klusīsi
|
*klusītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*klusīti
|
*klusīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kluseyomosi
|
*klusīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*klusītesi
|
*klusīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kluseyonti
|
*klusīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*klusī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*klusītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kluseyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*klusīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kluseyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kluseyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*klusītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*klusītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kluseyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*klusīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kluseyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyonts
|
*kluseyonte
|
*kluseyontes
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyonts
|
*kluseyonte
|
*kluseyontes
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyontam
|
*kluseyonte
|
*kluseyontans
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyantos
|
*?
|
*kluseyantom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyantei
|
*kluseyantbom
|
*kluseyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kluseyantī?
|
*kluseyantbim
|
*kluseyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyantī
|
*kluseyantī
|
*kluseyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyantī
|
*kluseyantī
|
*kluseyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyantīm
|
*kluseyantī
|
*kluseyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyantyās
|
*?
|
*kluseyantyom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyantyāi
|
*kluseyantyābom
|
*kluseyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kluseyantyābim
|
*kluseyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyont
|
*?
|
*kluseyonta
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyont
|
*?
|
*kluseyonta
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyont
|
*?
|
*kluseyonta
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyantos
|
*?
|
*kluseyantom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyantei
|
*?
|
*kluseyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kluseyantī?
|
*?
|
*kluseyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyomnos
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyomne
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyomnom
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyomnī
|
*kluseyomnous
|
*kluseyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyomnūi
|
*kluseyomnobom
|
*kluseyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kluseyomnū
|
*kluseyomnobim
|
*kluseyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyomnā
|
*kluseyomnai
|
*kluseyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyomnā
|
*kluseyomnai
|
*kluseyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyomnam
|
*kluseyomnai
|
*kluseyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyomnās
|
*kluseyomnous
|
*kluseyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyomnai
|
*kluseyomnābom
|
*kluseyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kluseyomnābim
|
*kluseyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kluseyomnom
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kluseyomnom
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kluseyomnom
|
*kluseyomnou
|
*kluseyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kluseyomnī
|
*kluseyomnous
|
*kluseyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kluseyomnūi
|
*kluseyomnobom
|
*kluseyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kluseyomnū
|
*kluseyomnobim
|
*kluseyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klustos
|
*klustou
|
*klustoi
|
| vocative
|
*kluste
|
*klustou
|
*klustoi
|
| accusative
|
*klustom
|
*klustou
|
*klustons
|
| genitive
|
*klustī
|
*klustous
|
*klustom
|
| dative
|
*klustūi
|
*klustobom
|
*klustobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klustū
|
*klustobim
|
*klustobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klustā
|
*klustai
|
*klustās
|
| vocative
|
*klustā
|
*klustai
|
*klustās
|
| accusative
|
*klustam
|
*klustai
|
*klustans
|
| genitive
|
*klustās
|
*klustous
|
*klustom
|
| dative
|
*klustai
|
*klustābom
|
*klustābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*klustābim
|
*klustābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klustom
|
*klustou
|
*klustā
|
| vocative
|
*klustom
|
*klustou
|
*klustā
|
| accusative
|
*klustom
|
*klustou
|
*klustā
|
| genitive
|
*klustī
|
*klustous
|
*klustom
|
| dative
|
*klustūi
|
*klustobom
|
*klustobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klustū
|
*klustobim
|
*klustobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Breton: clevet
- Cornish: klewes
- Middle Welsh: clywet, clybot
- Gaulish: cluiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*klus-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 210