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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Generally held as cognate to Proto-Italic *kubāō (“to lie down”); whether the Proto-Indo-European form was *kewbʰ-, *kewb-, or *(s)kewbʰ- is uncertain. Matasović, in a desperate attempt to find non-Italo-Celtic cognates, takes *(s)kewbʰ- as the proto-form, and relates the Celtic and Italic terms to Proto-Germanic *skeubaną (“to shove”), noting that Latin iacio (“to throw”) and iaceo (“to lie”) are examples of words that demonstrate an association between "throwing forward" actions and "lying down" actions.[1] Germanicists do not follow this comparison. Contains the suffix *-sketi.
Verb
*kuxsketi
- to sleep
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kuxskū
|
*kuxskemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kuxskesi
|
*kuxsketās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kuxsketi
|
*kuxsketo
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kuxskomosi
|
*kuxskemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kuxsketesi
|
*kuxskestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kuxskonti
|
*kuxskento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kuxske
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kuxsketou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kuxskomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kuxskete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kuxskontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kuxskūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kuxsketar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kuxsketor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kuxskommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kuxskedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kuxskontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskonts
|
*kuxskonte
|
*kuxskontes
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskonts
|
*kuxskonte
|
*kuxskontes
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskontam
|
*kuxskonte
|
*kuxskontans
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskantos
|
*?
|
*kuxskantom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskantei
|
*kuxskantbom
|
*kuxskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kuxskantī?
|
*kuxskantbim
|
*kuxskantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskantī
|
*kuxskantī
|
*kuxskantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskantī
|
*kuxskantī
|
*kuxskantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskantīm
|
*kuxskantī
|
*kuxskantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskantyās
|
*?
|
*kuxskantyom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskantyāi
|
*kuxskantyābom
|
*kuxskantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kuxskantyābim
|
*kuxskantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskont
|
*?
|
*kuxskonta
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskont
|
*?
|
*kuxskonta
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskont
|
*?
|
*kuxskonta
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskantos
|
*?
|
*kuxskantom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskantei
|
*?
|
*kuxskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kuxskantī?
|
*?
|
*kuxskantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskomnos
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskomne
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskomnom
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskomnī
|
*kuxskomnous
|
*kuxskomnom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskomnūi
|
*kuxskomnobom
|
*kuxskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kuxskomnū
|
*kuxskomnobim
|
*kuxskomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskomnā
|
*kuxskomnai
|
*kuxskomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskomnā
|
*kuxskomnai
|
*kuxskomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskomnam
|
*kuxskomnai
|
*kuxskomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskomnās
|
*kuxskomnous
|
*kuxskomnom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskomnai
|
*kuxskomnābom
|
*kuxskomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kuxskomnābim
|
*kuxskomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kuxskomnom
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kuxskomnom
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kuxskomnom
|
*kuxskomnou
|
*kuxskomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kuxskomnī
|
*kuxskomnous
|
*kuxskomnom
|
| dative
|
*kuxskomnūi
|
*kuxskomnobom
|
*kuxskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kuxskomnū
|
*kuxskomnobim
|
*kuxskomnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *kuskɨd
- Middle Breton: cousquet
- Middle Cornish: cusca
- Middle Welsh: kyscaf
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kuf-sko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 228