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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Alternative reconstructions
- *lengeti[1][2] (fails to explain the preterite with -b-)
Etymology
A conflation of Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light; move lightly”) and another verb with initial *ɸ derived from the root of Proto-Germanic *springaną (“to spring, jump, burst”).[3][4] See the Proto-Germanic entry for further etymology.
Another theory by Kroonen derives the root from a nasal-infixed zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around, bounce, shake, tremble”),[5] though this does not seem to be favored by Celticists.
Verb
*ɸlengeti[4]
- to jump
Declension
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸlengū
|
*ɸlengemam
|
*ɸiblanxsū
|
*ɸeblonga
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸlengesi
|
*ɸlengetās
|
*ɸiblanxsesi
|
*ɸeblongas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸlengeti
|
*ɸlengeto
|
*ɸiblanxseti
|
*ɸeblonge
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸlengomosi
|
*ɸlengemo
|
*ɸiblanxsomosi
|
*ɸeblongmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸlengetesi
|
*ɸlengestē
|
*ɸiblanxsetesi
|
*ɸeblonxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸlengonti
|
*ɸlengento
|
*ɸiblanxsonti
|
*ɸeblongars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸlenxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸlenxsesi
|
?
|
*ɸlenge
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸlenxseti
|
?
|
*ɸlengetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸlenxsomosi
|
?
|
*ɸlengomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸlenxsetesi
|
?
|
*ɸlengete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸlenxsonti
|
?
|
*ɸlengontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸlengūr
|
—
|
*ɸiblanxsūr
|
*ɸeblongra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸlengetar
|
—
|
*ɸiblanxsetar
|
*ɸeblongras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸlengetor
|
?
|
*ɸiblanxsetor
|
*ɸeblongre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸlengommor
|
—
|
*ɸiblanxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸlengedwe
|
—
|
*ɸiblanxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸlengontor
|
?
|
*ɸiblanxsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸlenxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸlenxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸlenxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸlenxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸlenxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸlenxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengonts
|
*ɸlengonte
|
*ɸlengontes
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengonts
|
*ɸlengonte
|
*ɸlengontes
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengontam
|
*ɸlengonte
|
*ɸlengontans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengantos
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengantei
|
*ɸlengantbom
|
*ɸlengantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlengantī?
|
*ɸlengantbim
|
*ɸlengantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengantī
|
*ɸlengantī
|
*ɸlengantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengantī
|
*ɸlengantī
|
*ɸlengantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengantīm
|
*ɸlengantī
|
*ɸlengantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengantyās
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantyom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengantyāi
|
*ɸlengantyābom
|
*ɸlengantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantyābim
|
*ɸlengantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengont
|
*?
|
*ɸlengonta
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengont
|
*?
|
*ɸlengonta
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengont
|
*?
|
*ɸlengonta
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengantos
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengantei
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlengantī?
|
*?
|
*ɸlengantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengomnos
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengomne
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengomnī
|
*ɸlengomnous
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengomnūi
|
*ɸlengomnobom
|
*ɸlengomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlengomnū
|
*ɸlengomnobim
|
*ɸlengomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengomnā
|
*ɸlengomnai
|
*ɸlengomnās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengomnā
|
*ɸlengomnai
|
*ɸlengomnās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengomnam
|
*ɸlengomnai
|
*ɸlengomnans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengomnās
|
*ɸlengomnous
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengomnai
|
*ɸlengomnābom
|
*ɸlengomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸlengomnābim
|
*ɸlengomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
*ɸlengomnou
|
*ɸlengomnā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlengomnī
|
*ɸlengomnous
|
*ɸlengomnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlengomnūi
|
*ɸlengomnobom
|
*ɸlengomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlengomnū
|
*ɸlengomnobim
|
*ɸlengomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlanxtos
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlanxte
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlanxtī
|
*ɸlanxtous
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlanxtūi
|
*ɸlanxtobom
|
*ɸlanxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlanxtū
|
*ɸlanxtobim
|
*ɸlanxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlanxtā
|
*ɸlanxtai
|
*ɸlanxtās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlanxtā
|
*ɸlanxtai
|
*ɸlanxtās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlanxtam
|
*ɸlanxtai
|
*ɸlanxtans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlanxtās
|
*ɸlanxtous
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlanxtai
|
*ɸlanxtābom
|
*ɸlanxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸlanxtābim
|
*ɸlanxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
*ɸlanxtou
|
*ɸlanxtā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸlanxtī
|
*ɸlanxtous
|
*ɸlanxtom
|
| dative
|
*ɸlanxtūi
|
*ɸlanxtobom
|
*ɸlanxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸlanxtū
|
*ɸlanxtobim
|
*ɸlanxtobis
|
Descendants
- Old Irish: lingid
- Middle Irish: lingid
- ⇒ Middle Irish: léimmid (denominal from the verbal noun)
- Gaulish: *lingeti
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*leng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 237
- ^ Koch, John (2004) “*long-(e)je/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 188
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, 3.1.74, page 245
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 522-524
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*laikan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “ling-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 203