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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to divide”).[1]
Verb
*skarati
- to separate
- to divide
Inflection
| Athematic present, s-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skarami
|
*skaramam
|
?
|
*skarasam
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skarasi
|
*skaratās
|
?
|
*skarass
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skarati
|
*skarato
|
?
|
*skarast
|
| 1st plural
|
*skaramosi
|
*skaramo
|
?
|
*skarasme
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skaratesi
|
*skarastē
|
?
|
*skaraste
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skaranti
|
*skaranto
|
?
|
*skarasant
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skarasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skarasesi
|
?
|
*skara
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skaraseti
|
?
|
*skaratou
|
| 1st plural
|
*skarasomosi
|
?
|
*skaramos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skarasetesi
|
?
|
*skarate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skarasonti
|
?
|
*skarantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skarar
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skaratar
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skarator
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*skarammor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skaradwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skarantor
|
?
|
?
|
*skarasanto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skarasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skarasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skarasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*skarasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skarasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skarasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skarants
|
*skarante
|
*skarantes
|
| vocative
|
*skarants
|
*skarante
|
*skarantes
|
| accusative
|
*skarantam
|
*skarante
|
*skarantans
|
| genitive
|
*skarantos
|
*?
|
*skarantom
|
| dative
|
*skarantei
|
*skarantbom
|
*skarantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skarantī?
|
*skarantbim
|
*skarantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skarantī
|
*skarantī
|
*skarantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*skarantī
|
*skarantī
|
*skarantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*skarantīm
|
*skarantī
|
*skarantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*skarantyās
|
*?
|
*skarantyom
|
| dative
|
*skarantyāi
|
*skarantyābom
|
*skarantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skarantyābim
|
*skarantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skarant
|
*?
|
*skaranta
|
| vocative
|
*skarant
|
*?
|
*skaranta
|
| accusative
|
*skarant
|
*?
|
*skaranta
|
| genitive
|
*skarantos
|
*?
|
*skarantom
|
| dative
|
*skarantei
|
*?
|
*skarantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skarantī?
|
*?
|
*skarantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skaramnos
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnoi
|
| vocative
|
*skaramne
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnoi
|
| accusative
|
*skaramnom
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnons
|
| genitive
|
*skaramnī
|
*skaramnous
|
*skaramnom
|
| dative
|
*skaramnūi
|
*skaramnobom
|
*skaramnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skaramnū
|
*skaramnobim
|
*skaramnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skaramnā
|
*skaramnai
|
*skaramnās
|
| vocative
|
*skaramnā
|
*skaramnai
|
*skaramnās
|
| accusative
|
*skaramnam
|
*skaramnai
|
*skaramnans
|
| genitive
|
*skaramnās
|
*skaramnous
|
*skaramnom
|
| dative
|
*skaramnai
|
*skaramnābom
|
*skaramnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skaramnābim
|
*skaramnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skaramnom
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnā
|
| vocative
|
*skaramnom
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnā
|
| accusative
|
*skaramnom
|
*skaramnou
|
*skaramnā
|
| genitive
|
*skaramnī
|
*skaramnous
|
*skaramnom
|
| dative
|
*skaramnūi
|
*skaramnobom
|
*skaramnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skaramnū
|
*skaramnobim
|
*skaramnobis
|
Derived terms
- *dī-skarati
- Middle Breton: disquer (3sg. pres.), disquaras (3sg. pret.)
- *skorīti (o-grade causative)
- *skoros (verbal noun to *skorīti)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: scarat
- Middle Welsh: ysgar
- Old Irish: scaraid
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 577