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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross”), although Matasović struggles to understand the semantic pathway.[1]
Verb
*taryeti
- to burst, spring forth
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*taryū
|
*taryemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*taryesi
|
*taryetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*taryeti
|
*taryeto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*taryomosi
|
*taryemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*taryetesi
|
*taryestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*taryonti
|
*taryento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*tarye
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*taryetou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*taryomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*taryete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*taryontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*taryūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*taryetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*taryetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*taryommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*taryedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*taryontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryonts
|
*taryonte
|
*taryontes
|
| vocative
|
*taryonts
|
*taryonte
|
*taryontes
|
| accusative
|
*taryontam
|
*taryonte
|
*taryontans
|
| genitive
|
*taryantos
|
*?
|
*taryantom
|
| dative
|
*taryantei
|
*taryantbom
|
*taryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*taryantī?
|
*taryantbim
|
*taryantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryantī
|
*taryantī
|
*taryantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*taryantī
|
*taryantī
|
*taryantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*taryantīm
|
*taryantī
|
*taryantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*taryantyās
|
*?
|
*taryantyom
|
| dative
|
*taryantyāi
|
*taryantyābom
|
*taryantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*taryantyābim
|
*taryantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryont
|
*?
|
*taryonta
|
| vocative
|
*taryont
|
*?
|
*taryonta
|
| accusative
|
*taryont
|
*?
|
*taryonta
|
| genitive
|
*taryantos
|
*?
|
*taryantom
|
| dative
|
*taryantei
|
*?
|
*taryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*taryantī?
|
*?
|
*taryantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryomnos
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*taryomne
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*taryomnom
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnons
|
| genitive
|
*taryomnī
|
*taryomnous
|
*taryomnom
|
| dative
|
*taryomnūi
|
*taryomnobom
|
*taryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*taryomnū
|
*taryomnobim
|
*taryomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryomnā
|
*taryomnai
|
*taryomnās
|
| vocative
|
*taryomnā
|
*taryomnai
|
*taryomnās
|
| accusative
|
*taryomnam
|
*taryomnai
|
*taryomnans
|
| genitive
|
*taryomnās
|
*taryomnous
|
*taryomnom
|
| dative
|
*taryomnai
|
*taryomnābom
|
*taryomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*taryomnābim
|
*taryomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taryomnom
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnā
|
| vocative
|
*taryomnom
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnā
|
| accusative
|
*taryomnom
|
*taryomnou
|
*taryomnā
|
| genitive
|
*taryomnī
|
*taryomnous
|
*taryomnom
|
| dative
|
*taryomnūi
|
*taryomnobom
|
*taryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*taryomnū
|
*taryomnobim
|
*taryomnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *tėrðɨd
- Old Breton: tardom
- Middle Cornish: tardha
- Middle Welsh: tarðu
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372