Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₁-
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *terh₂-[1][2][3][4][5][6]

    1. to cross over, pass through, overcome

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₂- (51 c, 0 e)
    • *térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)[2][3][7][8][9]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /⁠tarratta⁠/, 3sg.pres.med.)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)
    • *tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[9][10]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat
          • Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)
    • *tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)[2][10][3][7]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)
    • *tr̥h₂-éye-ti[2]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: तुरयन्ते (turayante, 3pl.ind.med.)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Old Persian: *tarayati
            • ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /⁠viyatarayam⁠/, 1sg.caus.impf.act.)
    • *tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)[3][7][11][12][6]
      • Proto-Celtic: *taryeti[11][13]
        • Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • >? Proto-Italic: *trō
        • Latin: *trō
          • ⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)[14][7]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /⁠tarnai⁠/)
    • *tetórh₂-e ~ *te-tr̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)[2]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra, 3sg.), तितिरुर् (titirúr, 3pl.)
    • *tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: तूतूर्षति (tū́tūrṣati), तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)
    • >? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))[15]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *néktər
    • *térh₂-ih₂
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH
    • *térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s[1]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə
        • Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)[16]
    • *térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s[17][18]
      • Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ
          • Sanskrit: *तरीतु (*tárītu)
            • ⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))
    • *tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-
      • Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *tr̥h₂-nó-s[4][10]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás
    • *tr̥h₂-th₂ó-s[1]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám
    Unsorted formations
    • Sanskrit: तार (tāra)
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *tra
      • Proto-Albanian: *tratja[19] (+ *-atja)
        • Albanian: tras (“to pull”) (or borrowed from Romanian tras)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[1]
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 276: “*terh₂-”
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539
    8. ^ Elbourne, Paul (2000) “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Malzahn, Melanie (2016) “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎[3], Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”
    12. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”
    13. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 372
    14. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}
    15. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”
    16. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”
    17. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”
    18. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-
    19. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[4], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”
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