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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Nasal-infix verb from Proto-Indo-European *teyh₁-, cognate to Old Norse þíðr (“thawed”), Old English þīnan (“to moisten”), and Hittite [script needed] (zēari, “to boil”).[1]
Verb
*tinīti
- to melt
Inflection
Only the present stem and the past participle are attested in Celtic. The similarly-shaped synonymous (but etymologically unrelated) verb *tādeti was used if other stems were needed.
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₁-final root
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tinīmi
|
*tinamam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tinīsi
|
*tinatās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tinīti
|
*tinato
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*tinamosi
|
*tinamo
|
?
|
—
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| 2nd plural
|
*tinatesi
|
*tinastē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tinenti
|
*tinanto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*tinī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*tinītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tinamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tinate
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tinentou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tinīr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tinītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tinītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*tinammor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tinadwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tinentor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinonts
|
*tinonte
|
*tinontes
|
| vocative
|
*tinonts
|
*tinonte
|
*tinontes
|
| accusative
|
*tinontam
|
*tinonte
|
*tinontans
|
| genitive
|
*tinantos
|
*?
|
*tinantom
|
| dative
|
*tinantei
|
*tinantbom
|
*tinantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tinantī?
|
*tinantbim
|
*tinantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinantī
|
*tinantī
|
*tinantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*tinantī
|
*tinantī
|
*tinantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*tinantīm
|
*tinantī
|
*tinantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*tinantyās
|
*?
|
*tinantyom
|
| dative
|
*tinantyāi
|
*tinantyābom
|
*tinantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tinantyābim
|
*tinantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinont
|
*?
|
*tinonta
|
| vocative
|
*tinont
|
*?
|
*tinonta
|
| accusative
|
*tinont
|
*?
|
*tinonta
|
| genitive
|
*tinantos
|
*?
|
*tinantom
|
| dative
|
*tinantei
|
*?
|
*tinantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tinantī?
|
*?
|
*tinantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinamnos
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*tinamne
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*tinamnom
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnons
|
| genitive
|
*tinamnī
|
*tinamnous
|
*tinamnom
|
| dative
|
*tinamnūi
|
*tinamnobom
|
*tinamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tinamnū
|
*tinamnobim
|
*tinamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinamnā
|
*tinamnai
|
*tinamnās
|
| vocative
|
*tinamnā
|
*tinamnai
|
*tinamnās
|
| accusative
|
*tinamnam
|
*tinamnai
|
*tinamnans
|
| genitive
|
*tinamnās
|
*tinamnous
|
*tinamnom
|
| dative
|
*tinamnai
|
*tinamnābom
|
*tinamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tinamnābim
|
*tinamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tinamnom
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnā
|
| vocative
|
*tinamnom
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnā
|
| accusative
|
*tinamnom
|
*tinamnou
|
*tinamnā
|
| genitive
|
*tinamnī
|
*tinamnous
|
*tinamnom
|
| dative
|
*tinamnūi
|
*tinamnobom
|
*tinamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tinamnū
|
*tinamnobim
|
*tinamnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tītos
|
*tītou
|
*tītoi
|
| vocative
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*tīte
|
*tītou
|
*tītoi
|
| accusative
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*tītom
|
*tītou
|
*tītons
|
| genitive
|
*tītī
|
*tītous
|
*tītom
|
| dative
|
*tītūi
|
*tītobom
|
*tītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tītū
|
*tītobim
|
*tītobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tītā
|
*tītai
|
*tītās
|
| vocative
|
*tītā
|
*tītai
|
*tītās
|
| accusative
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*tītam
|
*tītai
|
*tītans
|
| genitive
|
*tītās
|
*tītous
|
*tītom
|
| dative
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*tītai
|
*tītābom
|
*tītābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tītābim
|
*tītābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tītom
|
*tītou
|
*tītā
|
| vocative
|
*tītom
|
*tītou
|
*tītā
|
| accusative
|
*tītom
|
*tītou
|
*tītā
|
| genitive
|
*tītī
|
*tītous
|
*tītom
|
| dative
|
*tītūi
|
*tītobom
|
*tītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tītū
|
*tītobim
|
*tītobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ti-ni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 379