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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Usually derived from a *-sḱéti formation to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰh₁- (“to push”), but the presence of a non-zero-grade root with this suffix in Celtic is irregular, which has led to Matasović[1] and Le Mair to express serious doubts.[2] Likely a post-PIE innovative verb with *-sketi.
Verb
*wādsketi
- to press
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wādskū
|
*wādskemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wādskesi
|
*wādsketās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wādsketi
|
*wādsketo
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*wādskomosi
|
*wādskemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wādsketesi
|
*wādskestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wādskonti
|
*wādskento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*wādske
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*wādsketou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*wādskomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*wādskete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*wādskontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wādskūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wādsketar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wādsketor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*wādskommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wādskedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wādskontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskonts
|
*wādskonte
|
*wādskontes
|
| vocative
|
*wādskonts
|
*wādskonte
|
*wādskontes
|
| accusative
|
*wādskontam
|
*wādskonte
|
*wādskontans
|
| genitive
|
*wādskantos
|
*?
|
*wādskantom
|
| dative
|
*wādskantei
|
*wādskantbom
|
*wādskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wādskantī?
|
*wādskantbim
|
*wādskantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskantī
|
*wādskantī
|
*wādskantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*wādskantī
|
*wādskantī
|
*wādskantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*wādskantīm
|
*wādskantī
|
*wādskantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*wādskantyās
|
*?
|
*wādskantyom
|
| dative
|
*wādskantyāi
|
*wādskantyābom
|
*wādskantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wādskantyābim
|
*wādskantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskont
|
*?
|
*wādskonta
|
| vocative
|
*wādskont
|
*?
|
*wādskonta
|
| accusative
|
*wādskont
|
*?
|
*wādskonta
|
| genitive
|
*wādskantos
|
*?
|
*wādskantom
|
| dative
|
*wādskantei
|
*?
|
*wādskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wādskantī?
|
*?
|
*wādskantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskomnos
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*wādskomne
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*wādskomnom
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnons
|
| genitive
|
*wādskomnī
|
*wādskomnous
|
*wādskomnom
|
| dative
|
*wādskomnūi
|
*wādskomnobom
|
*wādskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wādskomnū
|
*wādskomnobim
|
*wādskomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskomnā
|
*wādskomnai
|
*wādskomnās
|
| vocative
|
*wādskomnā
|
*wādskomnai
|
*wādskomnās
|
| accusative
|
*wādskomnam
|
*wādskomnai
|
*wādskomnans
|
| genitive
|
*wādskomnās
|
*wādskomnous
|
*wādskomnom
|
| dative
|
*wādskomnai
|
*wādskomnābom
|
*wādskomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wādskomnābim
|
*wādskomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wādskomnom
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnā
|
| vocative
|
*wādskomnom
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnā
|
| accusative
|
*wādskomnom
|
*wādskomnou
|
*wādskomnā
|
| genitive
|
*wādskomnī
|
*wādskomnous
|
*wādskomnom
|
| dative
|
*wādskomnūi
|
*wādskomnobom
|
*wādskomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wādskomnū
|
*wādskomnobim
|
*wādskomnobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- The root vowel between Brittonic and Goidelic has a discrepancy: in Goidelic it is long, while in Brittonic it is short.
- Le Mair presumes the long vowel is primary, and that Brittonic must have shortened the vowel secondarily.
- Zair instead reconstructs separate formations: *wād(a)sketi for Goidelic, and *wod(a)sketi for Brittonic.[3]
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwöskɨd (absolute), *gwosk (conjunct)
- ⇒ Old Breton: demguescim
- Middle Breton: goascaff
- Cornish: gwaska
- Middle Welsh: gwasgu, gwascu
- Middle Irish: fáiscid
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wā(d)-sko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 401
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 171
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 164