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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”). Cognate with Latin vincō (“to conquer”).
Verb
*wiketi[1][2]
- to fight
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wikū
|
*wikemam
|
*wiwixsū
|
*wiwoika
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wikesi
|
*wiketās
|
*wiwixsesi
|
*wiwoikas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wiketi
|
*wiketo
|
*wiwixseti
|
*wiwoike
|
| 1st plural
|
*wikomosi
|
*wikemo
|
*wiwixsomosi
|
*wiwoikmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wiketesi
|
*wikestē
|
*wiwixsetesi
|
*wiwoixte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wikonti
|
*wikento
|
*wiwixsonti
|
*wiwoikars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*weixsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*weixsesi
|
?
|
*wike
|
| 3rd singular
|
*weixseti
|
?
|
*wiketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*weixsomosi
|
?
|
*wikomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*weixsetesi
|
?
|
*wikete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*weixsonti
|
?
|
*wikontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wikūr
|
—
|
*wiwixsūr
|
*wiwoikra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wiketar
|
—
|
*wiwixsetar
|
*wiwoikras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wiketor
|
?
|
*wiwixsetor
|
*wiwoikre
|
| 1st plural
|
*wikommor
|
—
|
*wiwixsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wikedwe
|
—
|
*wiwixsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wikontor
|
?
|
*wiwixsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*weixsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*weixsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*weixsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*weixsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*weixsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*weixsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikonts
|
*wikonte
|
*wikontes
|
| vocative
|
*wikonts
|
*wikonte
|
*wikontes
|
| accusative
|
*wikontam
|
*wikonte
|
*wikontans
|
| genitive
|
*wikantos
|
*?
|
*wikantom
|
| dative
|
*wikantei
|
*wikantbom
|
*wikantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wikantī?
|
*wikantbim
|
*wikantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikantī
|
*wikantī
|
*wikantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*wikantī
|
*wikantī
|
*wikantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*wikantīm
|
*wikantī
|
*wikantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*wikantyās
|
*?
|
*wikantyom
|
| dative
|
*wikantyāi
|
*wikantyābom
|
*wikantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wikantyābim
|
*wikantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikont
|
*?
|
*wikonta
|
| vocative
|
*wikont
|
*?
|
*wikonta
|
| accusative
|
*wikont
|
*?
|
*wikonta
|
| genitive
|
*wikantos
|
*?
|
*wikantom
|
| dative
|
*wikantei
|
*?
|
*wikantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wikantī?
|
*?
|
*wikantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikomnos
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*wikomne
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*wikomnom
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnons
|
| genitive
|
*wikomnī
|
*wikomnous
|
*wikomnom
|
| dative
|
*wikomnūi
|
*wikomnobom
|
*wikomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wikomnū
|
*wikomnobim
|
*wikomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikomnā
|
*wikomnai
|
*wikomnās
|
| vocative
|
*wikomnā
|
*wikomnai
|
*wikomnās
|
| accusative
|
*wikomnam
|
*wikomnai
|
*wikomnans
|
| genitive
|
*wikomnās
|
*wikomnous
|
*wikomnom
|
| dative
|
*wikomnai
|
*wikomnābom
|
*wikomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wikomnābim
|
*wikomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wikomnom
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnā
|
| vocative
|
*wikomnom
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnā
|
| accusative
|
*wikomnom
|
*wikomnou
|
*wikomnā
|
| genitive
|
*wikomnī
|
*wikomnous
|
*wikomnom
|
| dative
|
*wikomnūi
|
*wikomnobom
|
*wikomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wikomnū
|
*wikomnobim
|
*wikomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wixtos
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtoi
|
| vocative
|
*wixte
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtoi
|
| accusative
|
*wixtom
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtons
|
| genitive
|
*wixtī
|
*wixtous
|
*wixtom
|
| dative
|
*wixtūi
|
*wixtobom
|
*wixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wixtū
|
*wixtobim
|
*wixtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wixtā
|
*wixtai
|
*wixtās
|
| vocative
|
*wixtā
|
*wixtai
|
*wixtās
|
| accusative
|
*wixtam
|
*wixtai
|
*wixtans
|
| genitive
|
*wixtās
|
*wixtous
|
*wixtom
|
| dative
|
*wixtai
|
*wixtābom
|
*wixtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wixtābim
|
*wixtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wixtom
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtā
|
| vocative
|
*wixtom
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtā
|
| accusative
|
*wixtom
|
*wixtou
|
*wixtā
|
| genitive
|
*wixtī
|
*wixtous
|
*wixtom
|
| dative
|
*wixtūi
|
*wixtobom
|
*wixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wixtū
|
*wixtobim
|
*wixtobis
|
Derived terms
- *wīkā
- *wixs
- Gaulish: *wix[3]
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *Ordowikes
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *wügɨd
- ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *ambwug
- Old Breton: amouez
- Middle Welsh: amwc
- ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *diwug
- Middle Welsh: difwyn, diwin
- Old Irish: fichid
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wikʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 421
- ^ Koch, John (2004) “*wik-e/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 124
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “uic(o)-, -uices”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 318