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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *wortéyeti, an o-grade *-éyeti causative formed from *wert- (“to turn”).[1]
Verb
*wortīti
- to make turn
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*worteyū
|
*wortīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wortīsi
|
*wortītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wortīti
|
*wortīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*worteyomosi
|
*wortīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wortītesi
|
*wortīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*worteyonti
|
*wortīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*wortī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*wortītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*worteyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*wortīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*worteyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*worteyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wortītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wortītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*worteyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wortīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*worteyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyonts
|
*worteyonte
|
*worteyontes
|
| vocative
|
*worteyonts
|
*worteyonte
|
*worteyontes
|
| accusative
|
*worteyontam
|
*worteyonte
|
*worteyontans
|
| genitive
|
*worteyantos
|
*?
|
*worteyantom
|
| dative
|
*worteyantei
|
*worteyantbom
|
*worteyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*worteyantī?
|
*worteyantbim
|
*worteyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyantī
|
*worteyantī
|
*worteyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*worteyantī
|
*worteyantī
|
*worteyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*worteyantīm
|
*worteyantī
|
*worteyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*worteyantyās
|
*?
|
*worteyantyom
|
| dative
|
*worteyantyāi
|
*worteyantyābom
|
*worteyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*worteyantyābim
|
*worteyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyont
|
*?
|
*worteyonta
|
| vocative
|
*worteyont
|
*?
|
*worteyonta
|
| accusative
|
*worteyont
|
*?
|
*worteyonta
|
| genitive
|
*worteyantos
|
*?
|
*worteyantom
|
| dative
|
*worteyantei
|
*?
|
*worteyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*worteyantī?
|
*?
|
*worteyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyomnos
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*worteyomne
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*worteyomnom
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*worteyomnī
|
*worteyomnous
|
*worteyomnom
|
| dative
|
*worteyomnūi
|
*worteyomnobom
|
*worteyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*worteyomnū
|
*worteyomnobim
|
*worteyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyomnā
|
*worteyomnai
|
*worteyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*worteyomnā
|
*worteyomnai
|
*worteyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*worteyomnam
|
*worteyomnai
|
*worteyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*worteyomnās
|
*worteyomnous
|
*worteyomnom
|
| dative
|
*worteyomnai
|
*worteyomnābom
|
*worteyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*worteyomnābim
|
*worteyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*worteyomnom
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*worteyomnom
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*worteyomnom
|
*worteyomnou
|
*worteyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*worteyomnī
|
*worteyomnous
|
*worteyomnom
|
| dative
|
*worteyomnūi
|
*worteyomnobom
|
*worteyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*worteyomnū
|
*worteyomnobim
|
*worteyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wortetos
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetoi
|
| vocative
|
*wortete
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetoi
|
| accusative
|
*wortetom
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetons
|
| genitive
|
*wortetī
|
*wortetous
|
*wortetom
|
| dative
|
*wortetūi
|
*wortetobom
|
*wortetobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wortetū
|
*wortetobim
|
*wortetobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wortetā
|
*wortetai
|
*wortetās
|
| vocative
|
*wortetā
|
*wortetai
|
*wortetās
|
| accusative
|
*wortetam
|
*wortetai
|
*wortetans
|
| genitive
|
*wortetās
|
*wortetous
|
*wortetom
|
| dative
|
*wortetai
|
*wortetābom
|
*wortetābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wortetābim
|
*wortetābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wortetom
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetā
|
| vocative
|
*wortetom
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetā
|
| accusative
|
*wortetom
|
*wortetou
|
*wortetā
|
| genitive
|
*wortetī
|
*wortetous
|
*wortetom
|
| dative
|
*wortetūi
|
*wortetobom
|
*wortetobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wortetū
|
*wortetobim
|
*wortetobis
|
Descendants
References
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 200