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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).[1]
Verb
*werteti
- to turn over
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wertū
|
*wertemam
|
*wiwritsū
|
*weworta
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wertesi
|
*wertetās
|
*wiwritsesi
|
*wewortas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*werteti
|
*werteto
|
*wiwritseti
|
*weworte
|
| 1st plural
|
*wertomosi
|
*wertemo
|
*wiwritsomosi
|
*wewortmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wertetesi
|
*wertestē
|
*wiwritsetesi
|
*weworsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wertonti
|
*wertento
|
*wiwritsonti
|
*wewortars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*wertsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wertsesi
|
?
|
*werte
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wertseti
|
?
|
*wertetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*wertsomosi
|
?
|
*wertomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wertsetesi
|
?
|
*wertete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wertsonti
|
?
|
*wertontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wertūr
|
—
|
*wiwritsūr
|
*wewortra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wertetar
|
—
|
*wiwritsetar
|
*wewortras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wertetor
|
?
|
*wiwritsetor
|
*wewortre
|
| 1st plural
|
*wertommor
|
—
|
*wiwritsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wertedwe
|
—
|
*wiwritsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wertontor
|
?
|
*wiwritsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*wertsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wertsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wertsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*wertsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wertsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wertsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertonts
|
*wertonte
|
*wertontes
|
| vocative
|
*wertonts
|
*wertonte
|
*wertontes
|
| accusative
|
*wertontam
|
*wertonte
|
*wertontans
|
| genitive
|
*wertantos
|
*?
|
*wertantom
|
| dative
|
*wertantei
|
*wertantbom
|
*wertantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wertantī?
|
*wertantbim
|
*wertantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertantī
|
*wertantī
|
*wertantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*wertantī
|
*wertantī
|
*wertantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*wertantīm
|
*wertantī
|
*wertantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*wertantyās
|
*?
|
*wertantyom
|
| dative
|
*wertantyāi
|
*wertantyābom
|
*wertantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wertantyābim
|
*wertantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertont
|
*?
|
*wertonta
|
| vocative
|
*wertont
|
*?
|
*wertonta
|
| accusative
|
*wertont
|
*?
|
*wertonta
|
| genitive
|
*wertantos
|
*?
|
*wertantom
|
| dative
|
*wertantei
|
*?
|
*wertantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wertantī?
|
*?
|
*wertantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertomnos
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*wertomne
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*wertomnom
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnons
|
| genitive
|
*wertomnī
|
*wertomnous
|
*wertomnom
|
| dative
|
*wertomnūi
|
*wertomnobom
|
*wertomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wertomnū
|
*wertomnobim
|
*wertomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertomnā
|
*wertomnai
|
*wertomnās
|
| vocative
|
*wertomnā
|
*wertomnai
|
*wertomnās
|
| accusative
|
*wertomnam
|
*wertomnai
|
*wertomnans
|
| genitive
|
*wertomnās
|
*wertomnous
|
*wertomnom
|
| dative
|
*wertomnai
|
*wertomnābom
|
*wertomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wertomnābim
|
*wertomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wertomnom
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnā
|
| vocative
|
*wertomnom
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnā
|
| accusative
|
*wertomnom
|
*wertomnou
|
*wertomnā
|
| genitive
|
*wertomnī
|
*wertomnous
|
*wertomnom
|
| dative
|
*wertomnūi
|
*wertomnobom
|
*wertomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wertomnū
|
*wertomnobim
|
*wertomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wrissos
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissoi
|
| vocative
|
*wrisse
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissoi
|
| accusative
|
*wrissom
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissons
|
| genitive
|
*wrissī
|
*wrissous
|
*wrissom
|
| dative
|
*wrissūi
|
*wrissobom
|
*wrissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wrissū
|
*wrissobim
|
*wrissobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wrissā
|
*wrissai
|
*wrissās
|
| vocative
|
*wrissā
|
*wrissai
|
*wrissās
|
| accusative
|
*wrissam
|
*wrissai
|
*wrissans
|
| genitive
|
*wrissās
|
*wrissous
|
*wrissom
|
| dative
|
*wrissai
|
*wrissābom
|
*wrissābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wrissābim
|
*wrissābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wrissom
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissā
|
| vocative
|
*wrissom
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissā
|
| accusative
|
*wrissom
|
*wrissou
|
*wrissā
|
| genitive
|
*wrissī
|
*wrissous
|
*wrissom
|
| dative
|
*wrissūi
|
*wrissobom
|
*wrissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wrissū
|
*wrissobim
|
*wrissobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: (shifting to mean "to sell")
- ⇒ Old Irish: ad·ferta (changed to a weak verb)
References
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 83