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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-.[1][2] The origin of the o is unclear. It might have been taken over from the preterite, which generally has an o-grade (see inflection below) or the verb might be a remodelled iterative.[3]
Verb
*woseti
- to spend the night
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wosū
|
*wosemam
|
*wiwessū
|
*wewosa
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wosesi
|
*wosetās
|
*wiwessesi
|
*wewosas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*woseti
|
*woseto
|
*wiwesseti
|
*wewose
|
| 1st plural
|
*wosomosi
|
*wosemo
|
*wiwessomosi
|
*wewosmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wosetesi
|
*wosestē
|
*wiwessetesi
|
*wewose
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wosonti
|
*wosento
|
*wiwessonti
|
*wewosars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*wessū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wessesi
|
?
|
*wose
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wesseti
|
?
|
*wosetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*wessomosi
|
?
|
*wosomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wessetesi
|
?
|
*wosete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wessonti
|
?
|
*wosontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*wosūr
|
—
|
*wiwessūr
|
*wewosra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wosetar
|
—
|
*wiwessetar
|
*wewosras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wosetor
|
?
|
*wiwessetor
|
*wewosre
|
| 1st plural
|
*wosommor
|
—
|
*wiwessommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wosedwe
|
—
|
*wiwessedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wosontor
|
?
|
*wiwessontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*wessūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*wessetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*wessetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*wessommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*wessedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*wessontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosonts
|
*wosonte
|
*wosontes
|
| vocative
|
*wosonts
|
*wosonte
|
*wosontes
|
| accusative
|
*wosontam
|
*wosonte
|
*wosontans
|
| genitive
|
*wosantos
|
*?
|
*wosantom
|
| dative
|
*wosantei
|
*wosantbom
|
*wosantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wosantī?
|
*wosantbim
|
*wosantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosantī
|
*wosantī
|
*wosantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*wosantī
|
*wosantī
|
*wosantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*wosantīm
|
*wosantī
|
*wosantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*wosantyās
|
*?
|
*wosantyom
|
| dative
|
*wosantyāi
|
*wosantyābom
|
*wosantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wosantyābim
|
*wosantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosont
|
*?
|
*wosonta
|
| vocative
|
*wosont
|
*?
|
*wosonta
|
| accusative
|
*wosont
|
*?
|
*wosonta
|
| genitive
|
*wosantos
|
*?
|
*wosantom
|
| dative
|
*wosantei
|
*?
|
*wosantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*wosantī?
|
*?
|
*wosantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosomnos
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*wosomne
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*wosomnom
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnons
|
| genitive
|
*wosomnī
|
*wosomnous
|
*wosomnom
|
| dative
|
*wosomnūi
|
*wosomnobom
|
*wosomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wosomnū
|
*wosomnobim
|
*wosomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosomnā
|
*wosomnai
|
*wosomnās
|
| vocative
|
*wosomnā
|
*wosomnai
|
*wosomnās
|
| accusative
|
*wosomnam
|
*wosomnai
|
*wosomnans
|
| genitive
|
*wosomnās
|
*wosomnous
|
*wosomnom
|
| dative
|
*wosomnai
|
*wosomnābom
|
*wosomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*wosomnābim
|
*wosomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*wosomnom
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnā
|
| vocative
|
*wosomnom
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnā
|
| accusative
|
*wosomnom
|
*wosomnou
|
*wosomnā
|
| genitive
|
*wosomnī
|
*wosomnous
|
*wosomnom
|
| dative
|
*wosomnūi
|
*wosomnobom
|
*wosomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*wosomnū
|
*wosomnobim
|
*wosomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*westos
|
*westou
|
*westoi
|
| vocative
|
*weste
|
*westou
|
*westoi
|
| accusative
|
*westom
|
*westou
|
*westons
|
| genitive
|
*westī
|
*westous
|
*westom
|
| dative
|
*westūi
|
*westobom
|
*westobos
|
| instrumental
|
*westū
|
*westobim
|
*westobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*westā
|
*westai
|
*westās
|
| vocative
|
*westā
|
*westai
|
*westās
|
| accusative
|
*westam
|
*westai
|
*westans
|
| genitive
|
*westās
|
*westous
|
*westom
|
| dative
|
*westai
|
*westābom
|
*westābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*westābim
|
*westābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*westom
|
*westou
|
*westā
|
| vocative
|
*westom
|
*westou
|
*westā
|
| accusative
|
*westom
|
*westou
|
*westā
|
| genitive
|
*westī
|
*westous
|
*westom
|
| dative
|
*westūi
|
*westobom
|
*westobos
|
| instrumental
|
*westū
|
*westobim
|
*westobis
|
Derived terms
- *adwesyā[4]
- >? Old Irish: adbae (“abode”)
- *ɸarewossom (verbal noun of *ɸarewoseti)
- Proto-Brythonic: *arwoss
- Middle Welsh: arhos (“to stay, stop, wait”)
- Old Irish: árus (“habitation, abode”)
- *uɸoratiwoseti[5]
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwörtwoss (< verbal noun *uɸoratiwossom)
- Middle Breton: gortos, gourtos (“to wait, await”)
- Middle Cornish: gortos (“to stay, wait, remain”)
Descendants
- Old Irish: foïd (“to spend the night”)
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*u̯os-e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 702-7
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wos-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 428
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *h₂u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 293
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 214
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 703