Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kapja

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From earlier *kapaja, the root *kapa- is borrowed from pre-Germanic *kāpas or early Proto-Germanic *hāfaz (later *hōfaz), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. The same root appears in Proto-Samic *kuopērē (“reindeer hoof”) (earlier *kapara), but with a different suffix.

Noun

*kapja^[1]

hoof

Inflection

Inflection of *kapja

	singular	plural
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
nominative	*kapja	*kapjat
accusative	*kapjan	*kapjat
genitive	*kapjan	kapjadën kapjoidën
partitive	*kapjada	*kapjoida
inessive	kapjassa kapjahna	kapjoissa kapjoihna
elative	*kapjasta	*kapjoista
illative	*kapjahën	*kapjoihën
adessive	*kapjalla	*kapjoilla
ablative	*kapjalta	*kapjoilta
allative	kapjalën kapjalëk	kapjoilën kapjoilëk
essive	*kapjana	*kapjoina
translative	*kapjaksi	*kapjoiksi
instructive	*kapjan	*kapjoin
comitative	*kapjanëk	*kapjoinëk
abessive	*kapjatta	*kapjoitta

Descendants

Estonian: kabi
Finnish: kavio, (dialectal) kapio, kapia
Ingrian: kapja
Karelian: kapie, kabia
Livonian: käbā
Livvi: kabju
Ludian: kabď, kabju, kabje
Veps: kabj
Võro: kabi
Votic: kabjõ

References

^ Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*kapja”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎^[1] (in Finnish)

“kabi”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012

[1] Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*kapja”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎^[1] (in Finnish)

[1]