Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/lukëdak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *luke- (“to count”).
Reconstruction
Practically all descendants also have the meaning “to read” as a result of introduction of literacy. Since Proto-Finnic was not written, this meaning likely did not exist in Proto-Finnic itself, and the sense has likely spread between the Finnic languages later. The same semantic development is also observed in Slavic (e.g. Proto-Slavic *čitati (“to count”) → Russian читать (čitatʹ, “to read”)), as in the case of *kirja, *kirjoittadak.
Verb
*lukëdak (stem *lukë-)[1]
- to count
Inflection
Inflection of *lukëdak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *lugën | *lugin | — | *luk'on |
| 2nd sing. | *lugët | *lugit | *lugëk | *luk'os |
| 3rd sing. | *lukëbi *luki |
*luki | *lukkahën | *lukkohën |
| 1st plur. | *lugëkmëk *lugëkmak |
*lukimëk *lukimak |
*lukkadëmëk *lukkadamak |
*lukkodëmëk *lukkodamak |
| 2nd plur. | *lugëktëk *lugëktak |
*lukidëk *lukidak |
*lukkadë *lukkada |
*luk'ot'ëk *lukkodadak |
| 3rd plur. | *lukëbat *luki |
*luki | *lukkahën | *lukkohën |
| passive | *lugëksën *lugët'aksën |
*lukëdisën *lugëttisën |
*lukëdakahën *lugëttakahën |
*lukëdakohën *lugëttakohën |
| connegative | *lugëk | — | *luk'ak | *luk'ok |
| passive connegative | *lugëktak | — | *lukëdagak *lugëttagak |
*lukëdagok *lugëttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *lugëkcin | *lukicin | *lukënën | |
| 2nd sing. | *lugëkcit | *lukicit | *lukënët | |
| 3rd sing. | *lugëkci | *lukici | *lukëni | |
| 1st plur. | *lugëkcimëk *lugëkcimak |
*lukicimëk *lukicimak |
*lukënëmëk *lukënëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *lugëkcidëk *lugëkcidak |
*lukicidëk *lukicidak |
*lukënëdëk *lukënëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *lugëkci | *lukici | *lukëni | |
| passive | *lukëdakcihën *lugët'akcihën |
*lukëdicihën *lugëtticihën |
*lukëdanëhën *lugëttanëhën | |
| connegative | *lugëkcik | *lukicik | *lukënëk | |
| passive connegative | *lukëdakcik *lugët'akcik |
*lukëdicik *lugëtticik |
*lukëdanëk *lugëttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *lukëdak | present | *lukëba | *lukëdapa *lugëttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *lukëdë- | past | *lukënut | *lukëdu *lugëttu |
| gerund/supine | *lukëma | |||
| action noun | *lukëminen | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: lugema/lugeda
- Finnish: lukea
- Ingrian: lukkia
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: lukie
- South Karelian: lugie
- Livonian: (Courland) lu’ggõ, (Salaca) lugg
- Livvi: lugie
- Ludian: lugeda
- Veps: lugeda
- Võro: lugõma/lukõq
- Votic: lukkõa