Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/nak'at'ak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
According to SSA, probably sound-symbolic.[1] According to Holopainen & Junttila (2022), possibly from Baltic (compare Latvian nākt, more specifically from the present stem *nākja with regular metathesis into *nakkai-),[2] implying earlier *nak'ait'ak.
Verb
*nak'at'ak (stem *nakkada-)
- to throw, toss
- Synonyms: *heittädäk, *paiskat'ak, *viskait'ak
- to catch, seize
- Synonyms: *rubët'ak, *tarttudak
- to begin, start
Inflection
Inflection of *nak'at'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *nakkadan | *nakkacin | — | *nak'atkon |
| 2nd sing. | *nakkadat | *nakkacit | *nakkadak | *nak'atkos |
| 3rd sing. | *nakkadapi *nak'at |
*nakkaci | *nak'atkasën | *nak'atkosën |
| 1st plur. | *nakkadakmëk *nakkadakmak |
*nakkacimëk *nakkacimak |
*nak'atkatëmëk *nak'atkatamak |
*nak'atkotëmëk *nak'atkotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *nakkadaktëk *nakkadaktak |
*nakkacidëk *nakkacidak |
*nak'atkatë *nak'atkata |
*nak'atkot'ëk *nak'atkotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *nakkadabat *nak'at |
*nakkaci | *nak'atkasën | *nak'atkosën |
| passive | *nakkadaksën *nakkadat'aksën |
*nak'attisën *nakkadattihën |
*nak'attakahën *nakkadattagasën |
*nak'attakohën *nakkadattagosën |
| connegative | *nakkadak | — | *nak'atkak | *nak'atkok |
| passive connegative | *nakkadaktak | — | *nak'attagak *nakkadattagak |
*nak'attagok *nakkadattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *nakkadakcin | *nakkacicin | *nak'annën | |
| 2nd sing. | *nakkadakcit | *nakkacicit | *nak'annët | |
| 3rd sing. | *nakkadakci | *nakkacici | *nak'anni | |
| 1st plur. | *nakkadakcimëk *nakkadakcimak |
*nakkacicimëk *nakkacicimak |
*nak'annëmëk *nak'annëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *nakkadakcidëk *nakkadakcidak |
*nakkacicidëk *nakkacicidak |
*nak'annëdëk *nak'annëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *nakkadakci | *nakkacici | *nak'anni | |
| passive | *nak'at'akcihën *nakkadat'akcisën |
*nak'atticihën *nakkadatticisën |
*nak'attanëhën *nakkadattanësën | |
| connegative | *nakkadakcik | *nakkacicik | *nak'annëk | |
| passive connegative | *nak'at'akcik *nakkadat'akcik |
*nak'atticik *nakkadatticik |
*nak'attanëk *nakkadattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *nak'at'ak | present | *nakkadapa | *nak'attapa *nakkadattaba |
| infinitive 2 | *nak'attë- | past | *nak'annut | *nak'attu *nakkadattu |
| gerund/supine | *nakkadama | |||
| action noun | *nakkadaminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: nakkama/nakata
- Finnish: nakata
- Karelian:
- Livonian: (Salaca) nakk
- Livvi: nakata
- Võro: nakkama/nakadaq
References
- ^ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “nakata”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- ^ Holopainen, Sampsa, Junttila, Santeri (2022) Die alten arischen und baltischen Lehnverben der uralischen Sprachen, Dettelbach: Verlag J.H. Röll GmbH, →ISBN, pages 100–101
Further reading
- “nakkama”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012