Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þinhaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable”). Possibly related to Lithuanian ti̇̀kti (“to fit, suit”), pati̇̀kti (“to appeal, like”), Latvian tikt (“to arrive at”), Ukrainian такнути (taknuty, “to be helpful”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *tonketos (“destiny”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þinhaną^[1]^[2]

to thrive

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þinhō	*þinhaų	—	*þinhai	?
2nd singular	*þinhizi	*þinhaiz	*þinh	*þinhazai	*þinhaizau
3rd singular	*þinhidi	*þinhai	*þinhadau	*þinhadai	*þinhaidau
1st dual	*þinhōz	*þinhaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þinhadiz	*þinhaidiz	*þinhadiz	—	—
1st plural	*þinhamaz	*þinhaim	—	*þinhandai	*þinhaindau
2nd plural	*þinhid	*þinhaid	*þinhid	*þinhandai	*þinhaindau
3rd plural	*þinhandi	*þinhain	*þinhandau	*þinhandai	*þinhaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þanh	*þungį̄
2nd singular	*þanht	*þungīz
3rd singular	*þanh	*þungī
1st dual	*þungū	*þungīw
2nd dual	*þungudiz	*þungīdiz
1st plural	*þungum	*þungīm
2nd plural	*þungud	*þungīd
3rd plural	*þungun	*þungīn

	present	past
participles	*þinhandz	*þunganaz

Derived terms

*gaþinhaną

Related terms

*þingą

Descendants

After -inh- had become -į̄h-, this verb was shifted to the first strong class by analogy in most daughter languages, but not in Old English. Old English also shows a secondary formation with leveling of Verner's alternation, probably back-formed to the lexicalized original past participle ġeþungen (“grown, thriven”).

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄han
- Old English: þīon, þēon, ġeþingan
  - Middle English: theen
    - Scots: thee, the
    - English: thee
- Old Frisian: thīgia
  - Saterland Frisian: tiegje
  - West Frisian: dije
- Old Saxon: thīhan
  - Middle Low German: dîhen, dîen, dîgen
    - Low German: deen
    - German Low German: dejen
      - → Saterland Frisian: däie
- Old Dutch: thīan
  - Middle Dutch: diën
    - Dutch: dijen
- Old High German: thīhan, dīhan
  - Middle High German: dīhen
    - German: gedeihen, gediegen
    - Luxembourgish: gedeien
    - Yiddish: געדײַען (gedayen)
Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þeihan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þinhan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 542
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þenxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þinhan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 542

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þenxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421

[1]

[2]