Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunrōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *þunraz (“thunder”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθun.rɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þunrōną^[1]

to thunder

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þunrō	*þunrǭ	—	*þunrōi	?
2nd singular	*þunrōsi	*þunrōs	*þunrō	*þunrōsai	*þunrōsau
3rd singular	*þunrōþi	*þunrō	*þunrōþau	*þunrōþai	*þunrōþau
1st dual	*þunrōs	*þunrōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þunrōþiz	*þunrōþiz	*þunrōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þunrōmaz	*þunrōm	—	*þunrōnþai	*þunrōnþau
2nd plural	*þunrōþ	*þunrōþ	*þunrōþ	*þunrōnþai	*þunrōnþau
3rd plural	*þunrōnþi	*þunrōn	*þunrōnþau	*þunrōnþai	*þunrōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þunrōdǭ	*þunrōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*þunrōdēz	*þunrōdēdīz
3rd singular	*þunrōdē	*þunrōdēdī
1st dual	*þunrōdēdū	*þunrōdēdīw
2nd dual	*þunrōdēdudiz	*þunrōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*þunrōdēdum	*þunrōdēdīm
2nd plural	*þunrōdēdud	*þunrōdēdīd
3rd plural	*þunrōdēdun	*þunrōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*þunrōndz	*þunrōdaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þunrōn
- Old English: þunrian
  - Middle English: thonder
    - English: thunder
- Old Saxon: *thonarōn
  - Middle Low German: donern
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: dundre
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: dundre
    - → Swedish: dundra
- Old Dutch: *thuneron
  - Middle Dutch: donren, donneren, donderen
    - Dutch: donderen
- Old High German: donarōn
  - Middle High German: donnern
    - German: donnern
Old Norse: *þonara
- Norwegian: tora

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þunrōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þunrōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[1]