Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunraz

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Þunraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*þunaraz^[1]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian (tondar, “thunder”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”), and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθun.rɑz/

Noun

*þunraz m

thunder

Inflection

Declension of *þunraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular
nominative	*þunraz
vocative	*þunr
accusative	*þunrą
genitive	þunras, þunris
dative	*þunrai
instrumental	*þunrō

Derived terms

*Þunraz, an early Germanic deity
*þunrōną (“to thunder”)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þunr, *þunar, *þonar
- Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
  - Middle English: thonder
    - English: thunder
    - Scots: thunner, thuner, thunder, thundir
    - Yola: dhunder, dunder
- Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
  - West Frisian: tonger
- Old Saxon: thunar, thuner
  - Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Hamburgisch: Dunner
      - Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner
        Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener
        Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner
    - Plautdietsch: Donna
- Old Dutch: *thonar
  - Middle Dutch: donre
    - Dutch: donder
      - Afrikaans: donder
      - Negerhollands: donner, dondu
        → Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
      - → Papiamentu: dònder, donder
      - → Sranan Tongo: dondru
        Aukan: dondoo, donduu
    - Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
    - West Flemish: dunder
- Old High German: donar, thonar
  - Middle High German: toner, doner
    - Central Franconian:
      Hunsrik: Dunner
      Luxembourgish: Donner
    - German: Donner
    - Rhine Franconian: Dunner
      Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]
    - Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
    - Yiddish: דונער (duner)
Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /⁠þǭraʀ⁠/)
- Old Norse: þórr
  - ⇒ Old Norse: *þórdynr
    - Swedish: tordön
    - Danish: torden
      - Norwegian Bokmål: torden
  - Faroese: tora
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: tor m, tore, tora f; (dialectal) torde (influenced by Þórðr)
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: tore
  - Swedish: tor

References

^ Þorgeirsson, Haukur (December 2023) “The Name of Thor and the Transmission of Old Norse poetry”, in Neophilologus, volume 107, number 4, →DOI, pages 701–713
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þunraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[1] Þorgeirsson, Haukur (December 2023) “The Name of Thor and the Transmission of Old Norse poetry”, in Neophilologus, volume 107, number 4, →DOI, pages 701–713

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þunraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[1]

[2]