Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iþō

From Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ (“-th”), probably by way of Late PIE *-éteh₂, also found in Sanskrit नग्नता (nagn-átā, “nudity”) and Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρετή (ăretḗ).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /i.θɔː/

*-iþō f

1. -ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-iþu
  • Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
    • Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
      • English: -th, -t
      • Scots: -th, -t
  • Old Frisian: -ithe, -te
    • Saterland Frisian: -te
    • West Frisian: -te
  • Old Saxon: -itha
    • Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te
      • Low German: -de, -te
      • → German: -te
  • Old Dutch: -itha
    • Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
      • Dutch: -te, -de
  • Old High German: -ida
    • Middle High German: -ede
      • German: -de (rare, not productive)
      • Luxembourgish: -t
• Old Norse: -ð, -d, -t
  • Icelandic: -ð, -d, -t
  • Faroese: -d
  • Swedish: -d
  • Danish: -de
  • Norwegian: -de, -d
• Gothic: -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida)