Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-istaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs (relative suffix) +‎ *-tHós (adjectival suffix).[1][2] Cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ištʰas.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /is.tɑz/

Suffix

*-istaz (adverb *-ist, comparative *-izô)

  1. -est. Forms the superlative of certain adjectives.

Inflection

Declension of *-istaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-istaz *-istō *-istą, *-at(ō) *-istai *-istôz *-istō
accusative *-istanǭ *-istǭ *-istą, *-at(ō) *-istanz *-istōz *-istō
genitive *-istas, *-istis *-istaizōz *-istas, *-istis *-istaizǫ̂ *-istaizǫ̂ *-istaizǫ̂
dative *-istammai *-istaizōi *-istammai *-istaimaz *-istaimaz *-istaimaz
instrumental *-istanō *-istaizō *-istanō *-istaimiz *-istaimiz *-istaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-istô *-istǭ *-istô *-istaniz *-istōniz *-istōnō
accusative *-istanų *-istōnų *-istô *-istanunz *-istōnunz *-istōnō
genitive *-istiniz *-istōniz *-istiniz *-istanǫ̂ *-istōnǫ̂ *-istanǫ̂
dative *-istini *-istōni *-istini *-istammaz *-istōmaz *-istammaz
instrumental *-istinē *-istōnē *-istinē *-istammiz *-istōmiz *-istammiz

Usage notes

This was the normal superlative suffix for all i-, u- and ja-stem adjectives. The regular a-stem adjectives sometimes used this suffix, and sometimes the related suffix *-ōstaz without any predictable rule.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic superlative adjectives

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *-ist
    • Old English: -est
    • Old Frisian: -st
      • Saterland Frisian: -st
      • West Frisian: -st
    • Old Saxon: -ist
      • Middle Low German: -est
        • German Low German: -st
    • Old Dutch: -ist
    • Old High German: -ist
      • Middle High German: -est
  • Old Norse: -str
    • Icelandic: -stur
    • Faroese: -stur
    • Norwegian: -st
    • Old Swedish: -ster
    • Danish: -st
  • Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ists)

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 221
  2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 284
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