Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bugjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Orel derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend; curve, arch”), with semantic shift "to bend" > "to take away, deliver" > "to deal, buy" comparable to that seen in Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō, “to turn, move”) > πωλέω (pōléō, “to sell”). Kroonen (2013) is skeptical of the proposed semantics, and leaves the origin open.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbuɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bugjaną^[2]

Synonyms

*kaupijaną, *kaupōną, *wihslōną

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1 j-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*bugjō	*bugjaų	—	*bugjai	?
2nd singular	*bugisi	*bugjais	*bugi	*bugjasai	*bugjaisau
3rd singular	*bugiþi	*bugjai	*bugjaþau	*bugjaþai	*bugjaiþau
1st dual	*bugjōs	*bugjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bugjaþiz	*bugjaiþiz	*bugjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*bugjamaz	*bugjaim	—	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau
2nd plural	*bugiþ	*bugjaiþ	*bugiþ	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau
3rd plural	*bugjanþi	*bugjain	*bugjanþau	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*buhtǭ	*buhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*buhtēz	*buhtēdīz
3rd singular	*buhtē	*buhtēdī
1st dual	*buhtēdū	*buhtēdīw
2nd dual	*buhtēdudiz	*buhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*buhtēdum	*buhtēdīm
2nd plural	*buhtēdud	*buhtēdīd
3rd plural	*buhtēdun	*buhtēdīn

	present	past
participles	*bugjandz	*bugidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *buggjan
- Old English: byċġan, biċġan
  - Middle English: byen, bien, biggen, buggen
    - English: buy
    - Scots: by
    - Yola: bidge
- Old Saxon: buggian, buggean
- Old High German: *buggen
  - ⇒ Old High German: bugidi
  - ⇒ Old High German: bugihaft
Old Norse: byggja (“to marry; to rent out (land, a farm, etc.)”)
- Faroese: byggja
- Icelandic: byggja^[3]
- Norwegian Nynorsk: byggje (“to rent out; to hire (servants, workers)”)
- Old Swedish: byggia (“to rent”)
Gothic: 𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bugjan)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bugjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 82
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*buʒjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
^ Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) “byggja (2)”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bugjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 82

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*buʒjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[3] Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) “byggja (2)”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)

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