Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dumbaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure; to confuse, stupefy”).^[1] Alternatively, Kroonen takes the word as an adjectival derivative of *dimbaną (“to fog, smoke”), with semantic shift "foggy, hazy" > "dumb, mute", ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to smoke, blow”).^[2] The relation between *dʰewbʰ- and *dʰemH-, if any, is unclear.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdum.bɑz/

Adjective

*dumbaz

dumb, mute, unable to speak

Inflection

Declension of *dumbaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*dumbaz	*dumbō	*dumbą, -atō	*dumbai	*dumbôz	*dumbō
accusative	*dumbanǭ	*dumbǭ	*dumbą, -atō	*dumbanz	*dumbōz	*dumbō
genitive	*dumbas, -is	*dumbaizōz	*dumbas, -is	*dumbaizǫ̂	*dumbaizǫ̂	*dumbaizǫ̂
dative	*dumbammai	*dumbaizōi	*dumbammai	*dumbaimaz	*dumbaimaz	*dumbaimaz
instrumental	*dumbanō	*dumbaizō	*dumbanō	*dumbaimiz	*dumbaimiz	*dumbaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*dumbô	*dumbǭ	*dumbô	*dumbaniz	*dumbōniz	*dumbōnō
accusative	*dumbanų	*dumbōnų	*dumbô	*dumbanunz	*dumbōnunz	*dumbōnō
genitive	*dumbiniz	*dumbōniz	*dumbiniz	*dumbanǫ̂	*dumbōnǫ̂	*dumbanǫ̂
dative	*dumbini	*dumbōni	*dumbini	*dumbammaz	*dumbōmaz	*dumbammaz
instrumental	*dumbinē	*dumbōnē	*dumbinē	*dumbammiz	*dumbōmiz	*dumbammiz

Related terms

*daubaz (“stunned, deaf”)

Derived terms

Proto-West Germanic: *dumb
- Old English: dumb
  - Middle English: dumb
    - Scots: dumb
    - English: dumb
- Old Frisian: dumb
  - North Frisian: dom, domme
  - Saterland Frisian: dum
  - West Frisian: dom
- Old Saxon: dumb
  - Middle Low German: dum
    - Low German: dumm
- Old Dutch: dump
  - Middle Dutch: dom, dumb, domb, dum
    - Dutch: dom
      - Afrikaans: dom
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: dum
      - Negerhollands: dom, dum
      - → Sranan Tongo: don (see there for further descendants)
    - Limburgish: dómb
- Old High German: tumb
  - Middle High German: tump
    - German: dumm (Central German), tumb (Upper German, archaic)
    - Hunsrik: dumm
    - Luxembourgish: domm
Old Norse: dumbr
- Icelandic: dumbur
- Faroese: dumbur
- Norn: dumn (“deaf, stupid”)
- Norwegian: dum
- Old Swedish: dumber
  - Swedish: dum
- Danish: dum
- Gutnish: dummar, dumbårr, dumbårr, dumbur
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍃 (dumbs)

References

^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dumba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dumba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[1]

[2]