Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwaz, *dankwaz (“dark”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz/

Adjective

*dunkalaz

dark

Inflection

Declension of *dunkalaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*dunkalaz	*dunkalō	*dunkalą, -atō	*dunkalai	*dunkalôz	*dunkalō
accusative	*dunkalanǭ	*dunkalǭ	*dunkalą, -atō	*dunkalanz	*dunkalōz	*dunkalō
genitive	*dunkalas, -is	*dunkalaizōz	*dunkalas, -is	*dunkalaizǫ̂	*dunkalaizǫ̂	*dunkalaizǫ̂
dative	*dunkalammai	*dunkalaizōi	*dunkalammai	*dunkalaimaz	*dunkalaimaz	*dunkalaimaz
instrumental	*dunkalanō	*dunkalaizō	*dunkalanō	*dunkalaimiz	*dunkalaimiz	*dunkalaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*dunkalô	*dunkalǭ	*dunkalô	*dunkalaniz	*dunkalōniz	*dunkalōnō
accusative	*dunkalanų	*dunkalōnų	*dunkalô	*dunkalanunz	*dunkalōnunz	*dunkalōnō
genitive	*dunkaliniz	*dunkalōniz	*dunkaliniz	*dunkalanǫ̂	*dunkalōnǫ̂	*dunkalanǫ̂
dative	*dunkalini	*dunkalōni	*dunkalini	*dunkalammaz	*dunkalōmaz	*dunkalammaz
instrumental	*dunkalinē	*dunkalōnē	*dunkalinē	*dunkalammiz	*dunkalōmiz	*dunkalammiz

Synonyms

*derkaz
*dunkaraz

Derived terms

*dunkalą
*dunkalāną
*dunkalį̄
*dunkaljaną

Related terms

*dankwaz

Descendants

Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel
- Saterland Frisian: djunkel
Old Saxon: dunkal
- Middle Low German: dunkel
  - German Low German: dunkel
  - Plautdietsch: dunkel
  - → Danish: dunkel
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel
  - → Swedish: dunkel
Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel
- Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel
  - Dutch: donker
    - Afrikaans: donker
Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal
- Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel
  - German: dunkel
  - Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dunkla- ~ *dunkra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dunkla- ~ *dunkra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109

[1]