Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Similar to *dunkalaz (“dark”), a zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈduŋ.kɑ.rɑz/

Adjective

*dunkaraz

  1. dark

Inflection

Declension of *dunkaraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *dunkaraz *dunkarō *dunkarą, -atō *dunkarai *dunkarôz *dunkarō
accusative *dunkaranǭ *dunkarǭ *dunkarą, -atō *dunkaranz *dunkarōz *dunkarō
genitive *dunkaras, -is *dunkaraizōz *dunkaras, -is *dunkaraizǫ̂ *dunkaraizǫ̂ *dunkaraizǫ̂
dative *dunkarammai *dunkaraizōi *dunkarammai *dunkaraimaz *dunkaraimaz *dunkaraimaz
instrumental *dunkaranō *dunkaraizō *dunkaranō *dunkaraimiz *dunkaraimiz *dunkaraimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *dunkarô *dunkarǭ *dunkarô *dunkaraniz *dunkarōniz *dunkarōnō
accusative *dunkaranų *dunkarōnų *dunkarô *dunkaranunz *dunkarōnunz *dunkarōnō
genitive *dunkariniz *dunkarōniz *dunkariniz *dunkaranǫ̂ *dunkarōnǫ̂ *dunkaranǫ̂
dative *dunkarini *dunkarōni *dunkarini *dunkarammaz *dunkarōmaz *dunkarammaz
instrumental *dunkarinē *dunkarōnē *dunkarinē *dunkarammiz *dunkarōmiz *dunkarammiz

Synonyms

Descendants

  • Old Frisian: *dunker, diunker, dionker
  • Old Saxon: dunkar
  • Old Dutch: *dunkar

Further reading

  • Kroonen, Guus (2013) “dunkla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
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