Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fneusaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸneu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*fneusaną^[1]^[2]

to sneeze

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*fneusō	*fneusaų	—	*fneusai	?
2nd singular	*fniusizi	*fneusaiz	*fneus	*fneusazai	*fneusaizau
3rd singular	*fniusidi	*fneusai	*fneusadau	*fneusadai	*fneusaidau
1st dual	*fneusōz	*fneusaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fneusadiz	*fneusaidiz	*fneusadiz	—	—
1st plural	*fneusamaz	*fneusaim	—	*fneusandai	*fneusaindau
2nd plural	*fniusid	*fneusaid	*fniusid	*fneusandai	*fneusaindau
3rd plural	*fneusandi	*fneusain	*fneusandau	*fneusandai	*fneusaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fnaus	*fnuzį̄
2nd singular	*fnaust	*fnuzīz
3rd singular	*fnaus	*fnuzī
1st dual	*fnuzū	*fnuzīw
2nd dual	*fnuzudiz	*fnuzīdiz
1st plural	*fnuzum	*fnuzīm
2nd plural	*fnuzud	*fnuzīd
3rd plural	*fnuzun	*fnuzīn

	present	past
participles	*fneusandz	*fnuzanaz

Derived terms

*fnawwą
*fnōsijaną
*fnukaz
*fnukjaz
*fnuzô
*fnuzzōną

Related terms

*fnehaną
*fnesaną
*hneusaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *fneusan
- Old English: fnēosan
  - Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
    - English: sneeze
    - Scots: sneeze, sneesh
- Old Dutch: *fniesan
  - Middle Dutch: fniesen
    - Dutch: fniezen
- Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan
  - Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen
    - German: pfnausen (archaic)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)
Old Norse: *fnjósa, fnýsa
- Icelandic: fnýsa
- Faroese: fnýsa
- Norwegian: fnysa (dialectal)
- Swedish: fnysa
- Danish: fnyse

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fneusan- ~ *fnūsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*fneusanan ~ *fnūsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fneusan- ~ *fnūsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*fneusanan ~ *fnūsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109

[1]

[2]