Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/friskaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”), and cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *prēˀskas (“unleavened, unfermented, unsalted”) (though there are phonetic difficulties).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸris.kɑz/

Adjective

*friskaz

fresh
(of water) not salty, unsalted

Inflection

Declension of *friskaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*friskaz	*friskō	*friską, -atō	*friskai	*friskôz	*friskō
accusative	*friskanǭ	*friskǭ	*friską, -atō	*friskanz	*friskōz	*friskō
genitive	*friskas, -is	*friskaizōz	*friskas, -is	*friskaizǫ̂	*friskaizǫ̂	*friskaizǫ̂
dative	*friskammai	*friskaizōi	*friskammai	*friskaimaz	*friskaimaz	*friskaimaz
instrumental	*friskanō	*friskaizō	*friskanō	*friskaimiz	*friskaimiz	*friskaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*friskô	*friskǭ	*friskô	*friskaniz	*friskōniz	*friskōnō
accusative	*friskanų	*friskōnų	*friskô	*friskanunz	*friskōnunz	*friskōnō
genitive	*friskiniz	*friskōniz	*friskiniz	*friskanǫ̂	*friskōnǫ̂	*friskanǫ̂
dative	*friskini	*friskōni	*friskini	*friskammaz	*friskōmaz	*friskammaz
instrumental	*friskinē	*friskōnē	*friskinē	*friskammiz	*friskōmiz	*friskammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *frisk
- Old English: fersċ
  - Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh
    - Scots: fresch, frech, freish
    - English: fresh
    - → Welsh: ffres
- Old Frisian: fersk
  - North Frisian: fersck
  - Saterland Frisian: frisk
  - West Frisian: farsk
- Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk
  - Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
    - Low German: frisk
    - → Icelandic: frískur
    - → Faroese: frískur
    - → Danish: frisk
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
    - → Polabian: frišă
    - → Swedish: frisk
    - → Estonian: priske
- Old Dutch: *frisc
  - Middle Dutch: versch, varsch
    - Dutch: vers
      - Afrikaans: vars
    - Limburgish: vèrsj
- Old High German: frisc
  - Middle High German: vrisch
    - German: frisch
      - → Hungarian: friss
    - Luxembourgish: frësch
    - Vilamovian: fryś
    - Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)
    - → Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc
      - Dutch: fris
        Afrikaans: fris
        → West Frisian: fris
      - → Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
        French: frisque
        → Middle English: frisk
        English: frisk
      - → Walloon: frisse
Old Norse: ferskr
- Icelandic: ferskur
- Faroese: feskur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: fersk
- Norwegian Bokmål: fersk
- Swedish: färsk
- Old Danish: færsk
  - Danish: fersk
→ Vulgar Latin: *friscum (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*friskaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “prėskas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 370

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*friskaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 115

[2] Derksen, Rick (2015) “prėskas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 370

[1]

[2]