Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furduz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *pér-tu-s ~ *pr̥-téw-s (“crossing”). Equivalent to unattested *feraną (“to cross”) +‎ *-þuz. The nominative stem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸur.ðuz/

Noun

*furduz m(West Germanic)

ford

Inflection

Declension of *furduz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*furduz	*furdiwiz
vocative	*furdu	*furdiwiz
accusative	*furdų	*furdunz
genitive	*furdauz	*furdiwǫ̂
dative	*furdiwi	*furdumaz
instrumental	*furdū	*furdumiz

Related terms

*ferþuz (North Germanic form)
*furþą

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *furdu
- Old English: ford
  - Middle English: ford, furd, foord
    - English: ford
    - Scots: furde, furd, fuird
  - → Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)
- Old Frisian: forda
  - West Frisian: furde
- Old Saxon: ford
  - Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt
    - German Low German: Föörd
- Old Dutch: furda, *ford
  - Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
    - Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m
- Old High German: furt
  - Middle High German: vurt
    - German: Furt
    - → Saterland Frisian: Fúurt

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160