Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaizaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”).^[1] Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑi̯.zɑz/

Noun

*gaizaz m^[1]

spear, pike, javelin

Inflection

Declension of *gaizaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gaizaz	gaizōz, gaizōs
vocative	*gaiz	gaizōz, gaizōs
accusative	*gaizą	*gaizanz
genitive	gaizas, gaizis	*gaizǫ̂
dative	*gaizai	*gaizamaz
instrumental	*gaizō	*gaizamiz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
- Old English: gār
  - Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
    - ⇒ Middle English: garfysche
      - English: garfish
      - Scots: gairfish
- Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
  - Saterland Frisian: Goare
  - West Frisian: gear
- Old Saxon: gēr
  - Middle Low German: gêr
    - Westphalian:
      Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer
- Old Dutch: *gēr
  - Middle Dutch: gêer
    - Dutch: geer
- Old High German: gēr, giri
  - Lombardic: ger
    - →⇒ Italian: gherone
  - Middle High German: gēr
    - German: Ger
Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)
- Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ) — runic, gæiʀʀ — Old East Norse
  - Danish: ger
  - Icelandic: geir
    - ⇒ Icelandic: geiri
  - Norwegian:
    - Norwegian Bokmål: geir
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: geir
  - Old Swedish: göir, geir, ger, gir
    - Swedish: ger, gir
      - ⇒ Swedish: gere, gir
      - ⇒ Swedish: gering
- → Proto-Samic: *kājsē (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Finnic: *kaira (see there for further descendants)
Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)
Vandalic: *gais/*geis
→ Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Celtic: *gaisos^[2] (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gaiza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gayso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gaiza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gayso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

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[2]