Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galpōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰolb-, from *gʰel- (“to call, cry out, shout, scream”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɡɑl.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*galpōną

to resound; sound out
to boast

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*galpō	*galpǭ	—	*galpōi	?
2nd singular	*galpōsi	*galpōs	*galpō	*galpōsai	*galpōsau
3rd singular	*galpōþi	*galpō	*galpōþau	*galpōþai	*galpōþau
1st dual	*galpōs	*galpōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*galpōþiz	*galpōþiz	*galpōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*galpōmaz	*galpōm	—	*galpōnþai	*galpōnþau
2nd plural	*galpōþ	*galpōþ	*galpōþ	*galpōnþai	*galpōnþau
3rd plural	*galpōnþi	*galpōn	*galpōnþau	*galpōnþai	*galpōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*galpōdǭ	*galpōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*galpōdēz	*galpōdēdīz
3rd singular	*galpōdē	*galpōdēdī
1st dual	*galpōdēdū	*galpōdēdīw
2nd dual	*galpōdēdudiz	*galpōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*galpōdēdum	*galpōdēdīm
2nd plural	*galpōdēdud	*galpōdēdīd
3rd plural	*galpōdēdun	*galpōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*galpōndz	*galpōdaz

Related terms

*gelpaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *galpōn
- Old English: *galpian, *gealpian
  - Middle English: galpen
    - English: galp, gaup
    - Scots: gaup
  - ⇒ Old English: galpettan
- Old Frisian: *galpia
  - Saterland Frisian: galpje
  - West Frisian: gjalpje, gjealpje, gjalpe
- Old Saxon: galpōn
  - Middle Low German: galpen
    - German Low German: galpen
- Old Dutch: *galpon
  - Middle Dutch: galpen
    - Dutch: galpen
- Old High German: *galpfōn
  - Middle High German: galpen (possibly borrowed from Low German)
    - German: galpen
- → Vulgar Latin: *galpāre
  - Old Occitan: jaupar, japar
    - → Old French: japer
      - Middle French: japper
        French: japper
      - →? Middle English: japen
        English: jape
        Scots: jap
Old Norse: *galpa
- Swedish: galpa (dialectal)