Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gamalaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain with multiple theories:^[1]

Often derived from an o-grade *ǵʰyom- of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”), with loss of *-y-) and semantic shift "winter" > "number of winters elapsed" > "aged", and compared with Latin hiems (“winter”), though this is semantically weak;
Analyzed as *ga-mēlą, from *ga- (“co-, wholeness suffix”) +‎ *mēlą (“point in time”);
Alternatively, from an old Proto-Indo-European compound *ḱom-h₂el-o, from *ḱom (“beside, with”) +‎ *h₂el- (“to grow”), related to *aldaz (“old”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.mɑ.lɑz/

Adjective

*gamalaz

old, weak
Synonym: *aldaz

Inflection

Declension of *gamalaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gamalaz	*gamalō	*gamalą, -atō	*gamalai	*gamalôz	*gamalō
accusative	*gamalanǭ	*gamalǭ	*gamalą, -atō	*gamalanz	*gamalōz	*gamalō
genitive	*gamalas, -is	*gamalaizōz	*gamalas, -is	*gamalaizǫ̂	*gamalaizǫ̂	*gamalaizǫ̂
dative	*gamalammai	*gamalaizōi	*gamalammai	*gamalaimaz	*gamalaimaz	*gamalaimaz
instrumental	*gamalanō	*gamalaizō	*gamalanō	*gamalaimiz	*gamalaimiz	*gamalaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gamalô	*gamalǭ	*gamalô	*gamalaniz	*gamalōniz	*gamalōnō
accusative	*gamalanų	*gamalōnų	*gamalô	*gamalanunz	*gamalōnunz	*gamalōnō
genitive	*gamaliniz	*gamalōniz	*gamaliniz	*gamalanǫ̂	*gamalōnǫ̂	*gamalanǫ̂
dative	*gamalini	*gamalōni	*gamalini	*gamalammaz	*gamalōmaz	*gamalammaz
instrumental	*gamalinē	*gamalōnē	*gamalinē	*gamalammiz	*gamalōmiz	*gamalammiz

Derived terms

*gamalōną

Related terms

*gimrį̄

Descendants

Old English: gamol, gomel, gomol
Old Frisian: *gamel
- Saterland Frisian: gammel
Old Saxon: *gamal
- Middle Low German: *gammel
  - ⇒ Low German: gammlig
    - → German: gammelig
  - → Dutch: gammel
Old Dutch: *gamal
- Middle Dutch: gamel
  - Dutch: gamel (dialectal)
Old High German: gamal (only in names)
Old Norse: gamall
- Icelandic: gamall
- Faroese: gamal
- Elfdalian: gåmål
- Norn: gammel
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gamal, gammal, gamall
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: gammal
- Norwegian: gammalle, gåmål, gåmæⁱll, gabmal, gamadle (dialectal)
- Old Swedish: gamal
  - Swedish: gammal
- Danish: gammel
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gammel
- Gutnish: gammel, gamal

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gamala-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 166