Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gulþą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰĺ̥h₃-to-m (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). Compare Proto-Slavic *zolto, Proto-Baltic *želtas, whence Latvian zelts.^[1] Disputed relation to *geldaną (“to pay”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣul.θɑ̃/

Noun

*gulþą n

gold

Inflection

The plural has the voiced Verner alternant, from an old Indo-European collective noun.

Declension of *gulþą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gulþą	*guldō
vocative	*gulþą	*guldō
accusative	*gulþą	*guldō
genitive	gulþas, gulþis	*guldǫ̂
dative	*gulþai	*guldamaz
instrumental	*gulþō	*guldamiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
- Old English: gold
  - Middle English: gold
    - English: gold
    - English: (West Yorkshire) gowd
    - English: (Ottawa-Valley) goath, gould
    - Scots: gooth, gowth, gowd, goold
- Old Frisian: gold
  - Saterland Frisian: Gould
  - West Frisian: goud
- Old Saxon: gold
  - Middle Low German: golt
    - Low German: Gold
      - German Low German: Goolt, Guld, Gold
    - Plautdietsch: Golt
- Old Dutch: golt, gold
  - Middle Dutch: gout
    - Dutch: goud
      - Afrikaans: goud
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
      - Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
      - → Sranan Tongo: gowtu
        → Caribbean Javanese: gautu
        → Saramaccan: góútu
        → Trió: koutu
    - Limburgish: góldj
- Old High German: gold, cold
  - Middle High German: golt
    - Alemannic German: Gold
    - Bavarian: Goid, Golt
      Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
      Mòcheno: golt
    - Central Franconian:
      Hunsrik: Gold
      Luxembourgish: Gold
    - East Central German:
      Vilamovian: gułd
    - East Franconian:
    - German: Gold
    - Rhine Franconian: Gold
      Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
      Pennsylvania German: Gold
    - Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)
Old Norse: gull, goll
- Icelandic: gull n
- Faroese: gull n
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
- Old Swedish: gull n
  - Swedish: gull, guld n
- Old Danish:
  - Danish: guld n
    - Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
    - → Greenlandic: kuulti
- Gutnish: gull n
Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)
Crimean Gothic: goltz
→ Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gulþa- ~ *gulda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gulþa- ~ *gulda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

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