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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek κώπη (kṓpē, “handle”), as well as perhaps Lithuanian kúopa (“crowd, flock, band, penalty for damage caused by cattle”).[1]
Noun
*hōfą n[1]
- necessity
Inflection
Declension of *hōfą (neuter a-stem)
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*hōfą
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*hōfō
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| vocative
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*hōfą
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*hōfō
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| accusative
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*hōfą
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*hōfō
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| genitive
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*hōfas, *hōfis
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*hōfǫ̂
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| dative
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*hōfai
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*hōfamaz
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| instrumental
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*hōfō
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*hōfamiz
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Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hōf
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf
- Old English: behōf
- Old Frisian: bihōf
- Saterland Frisian: Bihouf
- West Frisian: behoef
- Old Saxon: *bihōf
- Middle Low German: behôf
- German Low German: Behöf
- ⇒ German Low German: behövig
- → Danish: behov
- → Swedish: behov
- Old Dutch: *bihuof
- Old High German: *bihuof
- Middle High German: behuof
- Old Norse: hóf
- Icelandic: hóf
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)
- Swedish: hov (dialectal)
References