Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian (šarm, “idem⁩”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”).^[1] Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑr.mɑz/

Adjective

*harmaz^[2] (West Germanic)

painful; sorrowful; doleful
harmful; malicious; evil

Inflection

Declension of *harmaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*harmaz	*harmō	*harmą, -atō	*harmai	*harmôz	*harmō
accusative	*harmanǭ	*harmǭ	*harmą, -atō	*harmanz	*harmōz	*harmō
genitive	*harmas, -is	*harmaizōz	*harmas, -is	*harmaizǫ̂	*harmaizǫ̂	*harmaizǫ̂
dative	*harmammai	*harmaizōi	*harmammai	*harmaimaz	*harmaimaz	*harmaimaz
instrumental	*harmanō	*harmaizō	*harmanō	*harmaimiz	*harmaimiz	*harmaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*harmô	*harmǭ	*harmô	*harmaniz	*harmōniz	*harmōnō
accusative	*harmanų	*harmōnų	*harmô	*harmanunz	*harmōnunz	*harmōnō
genitive	*harminiz	*harmōniz	*harminiz	*harmanǫ̂	*harmōnǫ̂	*harmanǫ̂
dative	*harmini	*harmōni	*harmini	*harmammaz	*harmōmaz	*harmammaz
instrumental	*harminē	*harmōnē	*harminē	*harmammiz	*harmōmiz	*harmammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
- Old English: hearm
- Old Saxon: harm
  - Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)
  - → Old Danish: harm
    - Danish: harm
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: harm
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Noun

*harmaz m^[3]

harm; shame; pain; injury

Inflection

Declension of *harmaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*harmaz	harmōz, harmōs
vocative	*harm	harmōz, harmōs
accusative	*harmą	*harmanz
genitive	harmas, harmis	*harmǫ̂
dative	*harmai	*harmamaz
instrumental	*harmō	*harmamiz

Derived terms

*harmalausaz
*harmāną
*harmijaną

Related terms

*harmōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
- Old English: hearm
  - Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
    - English: harm
    - Scots: herm, hairm
    - Yola: harrm
- Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
- Old Saxon: harm
  - Middle Low German: harm, herm
- Old Dutch: harm
  - Middle Dutch: harm
    - Dutch: harm
- Old High German: harm, haram
  - Middle High German: harm
    - German: Harm
Old Norse: harmr
- Icelandic: harmur
- (Faroese: harmligur)
- Norwegian Bokmål: harme
- Norwegian Nynorsk: harm
- Old Swedish: harmber
  - Swedish: harm
    - → Finnish: harmi
- Danish: harme

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*harma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*harma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[1]

[2]

[3]